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Infectious Diarrhoea
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats, and risk of Aeromonas infection is highest during summer months when the temperature of the water peaks. Aeromonas spp. can be found in poultry, lamb, veal, pork and ground beef. Consumption of these food products or contact with water during, i.e. recreational sports, are the most common sources of infection. Aeromonas spp. can also be found in asymptomatic carriers. Parasitic infections occurring in untreated fresh or drinking water are Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp.
Aeromonas
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Chi-Jung Wu, Maria José Figueras, Po-Lin Chen, Wen-Chien Ko
Type II, III, and VI secretion systems (T2SS, T3SS, and T6SS) are linked to the virulence of A. dhakensis SSU.79T2SS is involved in the extracellular secretion of a wide range of virulence factors, such as aerolysin and cytotoxic enterotoxin Act.79,87 T3SS functions as a molecular needle injecting effector toxins into host cells.88 T3SS-associated exoenzyme effector (AexU) inhibits macrophage phagocytosis and causes host cell apoptosis, disruption of actin filament, and lethality in mice.89–91 T6SS has been implicated in the translocation of a potential effector protein into eukaryotic cells.92 Valine glycine repeat G (VrgG) proteins and hemolysin coregulated protein (Hcp) are important effectors secreted by T6SS. VrgG family proteins exerted cytotoxic effects by ADP-ribosylation of actin, leading to disruption of actin cytoskeleton, a decrease in cell viability, and an increase in apoptosis.93 Hcp binds to macrophages, and impairs recruitment and inhibition of phagocytosis by producing immunosuppressive cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-ß, and causes apoptosis of host cells through activation of caspase-3.94 Collectively, the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infection is multifactorial, and several virulence genes act in concert to cause human diseases. However, there remain considerable unexplored virulence mechanisms that deserve future research.
Complications of Thermal Injuries
Published in Stephen M. Cohn, Matthew O. Dolich, Complications in Surgery and Trauma, 2014
Mark Cockburn, Edgar J. Pierre, Mark G. McKenney
The risk of complications begins at the time of burning. Maneuvers performed to extinguish flames, such as rolling on the ground or immersing the wound in standing water, may contaminate the wound. Aeromonas infection can occur when the wound is immersed in a natural body of water. If water or ice is applied to large burns, systemic hypothermia can occur. For this reason, cooling maneuvers are recommended only for small burns. Efforts to neutralize chemical burns can lead to further injury due to the neutralizing agent. However, the conventional belief that neutralization is an exothermic reaction that will cause further burning has recently been challenged in animal studies (unpublished data). Failure to recognize the depth of burning can lead either to incorrect triage or to delay of appropriate therapy. Immersion burns may have a moist red appearance suggestive of a superficial scald; careful observation will reveal that these wounds do not blanch and that the redness is caused by fixed hemoglobin in a deep wound. Some deep-contact burns may have an intact epidermis that can easily be rubbed away to reveal the deep underlying dermal burn. If this epidermis is left undisturbed, the presence of the burn may be unappreciated. If medical care is not obtained within 24 h after burning, the burns may have a coat of proteinaceous exudates, which can confound the determination of burn depth.
Management of venous flap insufficiency: the role of low molecular weight heparin in salvage
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2022
İlknur Bayır, Cemal Alper Kemaloğlu, Kemal Deniz
Leech therapy is highly common among reconstructive surgeons. Venous congestion has been effectively relieved in various damaged locoregional and free flaps and replanted appendages, such as the ear, nose, lip and digits [20–24]. Leech therapy, however, might result in serious complications, such as Aeromonas infection and the need for blood transfusions [25,26]. Additionally, this therapy may fail in high-volume flaps, in which the rate of success declines to nearly 30% [7,27].