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Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammatory process, is initiated by oral bacteria, yeast, viruses and their byproducts that stimulate a unique host immunoinflammatory response to them. Although the microbial community stimulates a response that initiates the periodontal inflammation, over-activation of the host immune response directly activates osteoclastic activity leading to alveolar bone loss.15 The inflammatory response can become chronic, producing continual inflammation and ultimately a dysregulation of bone metabolism that leads to bone loss, tooth mobility and eventual tooth loss if left untreated. Severe periodontitis affects more than 700 million people (11% of the world’s population), making it one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases worldwide.16
Nanopharmaceuticals in Alveolar Bone and Periodontal Regeneration
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Mark A. Reynolds, Zeqing Zhao, Michael D. Weir, Tao Ma, Jin Liu, Hockin H. K. Xu, Abraham Schneider
The periodontium is comprised of alveolar bone, cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and gingiva (Bottino et al. 2012; Sowmya et al. 2013). Cementum and alveolar bone are mineralised tissues. PDL is a fibrous tissue that attaches the root cementum of a tooth to the host alveolar bone (Liu et al. 2019). Periodontal disease is initiated by pathogenic bacteria, which triggers an inflammatory response. Inflammation of the gingiva without clinical evidence of breakdown of the periodontium is considered reversible and characteristic of gingivitis. Periodontitis, however, involves an irreversible breakdown of the connective tissue attachment to the root of the tooth and alveolar bone resorption, attributable primarily to the immune and inflammatory response to bacterial pathogens. Progressive periodontal destruction results in tooth mobility (loose teeth) and tooth loss. In nearly 50% of adults, the host response to oral bacteria leads to periodontitis, with progressive destruction of tooth-supporting apparatus. Severe periodontitis is relatively prevalent, affecting as many as 8–15% of the entire global population (Frencken et al. 2017). Moreover, alveolar bone loss and periodontal defects due to congenital birth defects, traumatic injury, tumours, and other infectious conditions may lead to the need for alveolar bone reconstruction, periodontal regeneration, or both. Indeed, alveolar bone defects have been associated with a decrease in the health and quality of life for millions of people (Bottino et al. 2012).
Periodontal Disease
Published in Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth, Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
On microscopy, amoebas can be seen visibly attacking and consuming white blood cells, usually PMNs [15]. The damaged white blood cells then release histamine, which calls more PMNs to the area. The cycle produces enormous inflammation and accelerates the bone loss that is characteristic of the progressive destruction of the periodontal supporting structures. As the disease process advances, pockets form, and eventually, tooth mobility and abscess formation occurs.
Is tooth conservation possible in odontogenic sinusitis? Prospective evaluation of affected teeth condition-based protocol
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Akiko Ito, Muneo Nakaya, Kazuhiro Tada, Junko Kumada, Wataru Kida, Yasuhiro Inayoshi
Tooth mobility indicates poor long-term survival of the tooth. Thus, tooth extraction is done before or concurrently with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). On the other hand, if the tooth is immobile, priority is given to preserving tooth, and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is first performed to treat the ODS, then dental treatment is given afterward. However, if chronic inflammation persists in the postoperative course, tooth extraction may be considered to eliminate the source of infection entirely. Figure 1 shows our treatment protocol for ODS caused by an adjacent, preserved tooth. Dental treatment is recommended for each patient according to canal treatment status. The present study aimed prospectively to validate this protocol prioritizing tooth preservation in patients with ODS.
The potential impact of salivary peptides in periodontitis
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2021
Christophe Hirtz, Robin O’Flynn, Pierre Marie Voisin, Dominique Deville de Périère, Sylvain Lehmann, Sofia Guedes, Francisco Amado, Rita Ferreira, Fábio Trindade, Rui Vitorino
Dental-plaque induced lesions (gingivitis) can be either strictly related to plaque or influenced by local and/or systemic modifying factors. Periodontitis is diagnosed clinically by the presence of gingival changes, as evidenced by gingivitis and the presence of a deep gingival sulcus (space between the tooth and gingival tissue) or pocket, which reflects loss of attachment of the periodontal ligament to the tooth root surface [2]. Generally, the inflammatory process starts in the gums (gingiva) and leads to gingivitis, which can usually be reversed by improved oral hygiene [3]. If left untreated, the inflammation of the gums will develop into periodontitis, an irreversible and destructive inflammatory process that affects the surrounding tissues and the supporting alveolar bone [4]. This inflammatory process damages the tissue and results in loss of collagen fibers and of the attachment to the cementum surface; the connecting epithelium migrates toward the root apex [5] and results in deeper periodontal pockets and alveolar bone loss [6,7]. If left untreated, periodontitis will continue to cause bone damage, which will lead to tooth mobility, pain, impaired function, and eventually tooth loss [8].
Mechanical effects of distributed fibre orientation in the periodontal ligament of an idealised geometry
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Tomohiro Otani, Taiki Koga, Kazunori Nozaki, Yo Kobayashi, Masao Tanaka
The mechanical effects of the PDL distributed fibre orientation were evaluated using seven fibre distribution patterns with θmax of 20° to 80° in 10° increments while sh was fixed as 0.8π for simplicity. We conducted two numerical case studies with different external load conditions: vertical loads from 2 to 40 N in 2 N increments were exerted along the tooth axis on the top-centre of the tooth crown (Figure 1(a)), mimicking the bite force exerted on the incisors as reported by (Shinogaya et al. 2001) (Case 1), and horizontal loads from 0.5 to 10 N in 0.5 N increments were exerted on the lateral side of the tooth crown (Figure 1(a)) (Case 2). In both cases, the load–displacement relationships of the tooth COG were evaluated to assess the tooth mobility. Moreover, the fibre stretch ratio,