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Pharyngitis
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Oral lesions, especially pseudomembranous and/or erythematous candidiasis and OHL, which are highly suggestive of HIV infection in individuals of unknown HIV status and those known to be HIV infected, indicate that the battle lines between HIV virion production and destruction of immunologically important cells have been drawn. These observations have led to the almost universal inclusion of oral lesions in HIV staging. Recently, lower frequencies of oral disease due to HAART have been noted, except that oral warts may become more common as the viral load falls and the CD4 count rises. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated with oral warts in HIV-positive individuals (Figure 51.7), a diagnosis that is increasing. Types include verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum and focal epithelial hyperplasia. In addition to HPV, herpes simplex virus infection is increasing in this group and may run an atypical course including presentation as an exudative erythema multiforme. In children with HIV infection, additional oral lesions include angular cheilitis, ulcerative gingivitis/periodontitis and enamel hypoplasia, salivary gland disease, linear gingival erythema over-retention and delayed primary eruption of teeth. OHL is much less common in children than adults.
Oral and Ocular Manifestations of HIV Infection
Published in Clay J. Cockerell, Antoanella Calame, Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease, 2012
Robert H. Cook-Norris, Antoanella Calame, Clay J. Cockerell
Linear gingival erythema is characterized by a well defined erythematous band along the gingival margin.42,84 Its cause remains unknown although it is distinctly different from typical gingivitis, in that the erythema does not regress after removal of local irritants such as dental plaque. This lesion has been associated with oral candidiasis although it does not respond to antifungal therapy.25 Clinical surveillance is warranted as it may progress to the more severe rapidly destructive conditions NUPD and necrotizing stomatitis.84
HIV and AIDS Pain
Published in Mark V. Boswell, B. Eliot Cole, Weiner's Pain Management, 2005
Maurice Policar, Vasanthi Arumugam
Gingivitis is common in patients infected with HIV, who most often present with oral pain, inflammation, and receding of gum lines, and at times, progression to bone loss (periodontitis). Spontaneous bleeding can occur. A topical antimicrobial rinse such as chlorhexidine is used as treatment. A form of gingivitis specifically related to HIV has been termed “linear gingival erythema.” It presents as a brightly inflamed band of marginal gingiva. The treatment consists of debridement plus antibiotic administration (Obernesser, 2004).
Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection and chronic periodontitis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2018
Tábata Larissa S. Pólvora, Átila Vinícius V. Nobre, Camila Tirapelli, Mário Taba, Leandro Dorigan de Macedo, Rodrigo Carvalho Santana, Bruno Pozzetto, Alan Grupioni Lourenço, Ana Carolina F. Motta
It is well recognized that the onset of periodontal diseases depends on the interaction between the microorganisms (mainly bacteria) of the dental biofilm and the host immune response [22]. While bacteria colonize and invade the periodontal tissues, the host seeks to maintain a dynamic balance between these pathogens and the commensal microbiota [11]. An imbalance in the microbial population (dysbiosis) results in periodontal tissue damage [23–25]. HIV-1 infection acts as a modifying factor in periodontal diseases and is frequently associated with the occurrence of acute periodontal diseases (e.g. necrotizing gingivitis and periodontitis), linear gingival erythema, and exacerbation of preexisting chronic periodontitis [24,26]. Acute HIV-1 infection is characterized by high viral replication and marked depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the gastrointestinal tract [27]. The decrease in these cells reduces the production of interleukin-17 (Th17) and interleukin-22 (Th22) cells, resulting in a rupture of the gastrointestinal barrier, which causes microbial translocation and systemic immune activation and contributes to the exacerbation of periodontal disease [11,23,28].
Antifungal effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum against different oral Candida species isolated from HIV/ AIDS patients: an in vitro study
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Samira Salari, Pooya Ghasemi Nejad Almani
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) is known as an opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised patients [6]. Candida albicans is the most common cause of OPC. Moreover, other Candida species such as C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. kefyr, C. parapsilosis, and C. dubliniensis have been isolated from infected areas in the mouth [7,8]. The different clinical signs of OPC in HIV/ADIS patients include oral thrush (pseudomembranous candidiasis), linear gingival erythema, erythematous candidiasis, perleche or angular cheilitis, salivary gland swellings, sore formation in the oral cavity, and oral hairy leukoplakia [9].