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ExperimentaL Oral Medicine
Published in Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy, Handbook of Experimental Stomatology, 2020
Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy
No toxic actions were observed when the plasma level was 10 to 20 μg DPH/ml. Slight loss of body weight occurred at higher levels. When the animals were maintained on a soft diet without oral hygiene at plasma levels of 10 to 20 ptg DPH/mi, gingival hyperplasia became evident in those sites where the plaque and gingival indices were highest. Dental ligatures enhanced the development of plaque-mediated gingivitis and of diphenylhydantoin-mediated gingival enlargement. The interdental papillae were the first to enlarge mesiodistally and buccolingually. Clinically and histologically, the diphenylhydantoin gingival enlargement in the monkeys resembled that in human users of the drug. Gingival enlargement regressed after the vehicle (Phenylcyclidine) was substituted for diphenylhydantoin and the animals were continued on the regimen that maintained plaque deposition and gingivitis. Regression began before the plasma and saliva levels of diphylhydantoin reached zero. Diphenylhydantoin-mediated gingival enlargement was completely reversible within 26 weeks after drug cessation.
Bacterial Infections of the Oral Cavity
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
P. S. Manoharan, Praveen Rajesh
Periodontal disease presents as bleeding on probing when it affects the gingiva and the superficial soft tissues in an acute phase. Several Indices are used to detect the health of gingiva (i.e., Ramjford’s, Sillness and Loe, and Loe and Sillness). Noninflammatory enlargement of gingiva may be as a result of chronic use of certain drugs like phenytoin sodium, nifedipine, and certain immunosuppressants. Severe bleeding may be due to vitamin C deficiency (i.e., scurvy) or acute myeloid leukemia. Linear erythema of marginal gingiva with bleeding is noted in HIV. Gingival inflammation can also be present in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and herpetic gingivostomatitis. Gingival enlargement may be due to benign or malignant lesions.
The Crucial Role of Craniofacial Growth on Airway, Sleep, and the Temporomandibular Joint
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
Periodontitis is generally not a chronically painful disorder. Typically, patients may notice gingival sensitivity and tenderness, or gingival enlargement caused by inflammation and bleeding with brushing or probing examination. There is loss of gingival attachment around the necks of and soft tissue pocketing around the roots of the tooth with loss of bone support, which may result in tooth sensitivity, tenderness, and mobility. Pain secondary to periodontal disease is typically dull, generalized to a larger area, and more constant. In the presence of an acute infection in the periodontal tissues, tenderness to the touch, erythema, and bleeding may be evident. An acute periodontal abscess may cause swelling and purulence. When inflammation or infection occurs in the soft tissue or bone around an erupting or partially erupted tooth (particularly third molars), similar signs and symptoms may be seen with pain as a primary complaint.
The efficacy of photobiomodulation in the management of gingivitis during orthodontic treatment: A systematic review of clinical studies
Published in Orthodontic Waves, 2021
Sandeep Talluri, Suma M Palaparthi, Basir Barmak, Junad Khan
RCTs are considered as ideal for evidence-based medical and dental practice and serve as a platform for translational health-care research [30]. The present study was based on a systematic review of RCTs and clinical trials that assessed the role of PBM in the management of gingival inflammation during or after orthodontic treatment. A vigilant analysis of the pertinent studies showed that six RCTs and two clinical trial studies with varying results addressed the focused question. This review concluded that there was a 100% efficacy of PBM in the management of gingival enlargement during orthodontic treatment. Twenty-five per cent of the studies showed that PBM is not superior to ultrasonic scalers. Gingival enlargement is a commonly encountered concern in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment and with a prevalence of 10% it becomes extremely important for the orthodontist to address this issue. Although the conventional scalpel therapy provides good results, drawbacks like pain, bleeding, dosage of anaesthesia requirement, lack of visibility and patient compliance make orthodontists and periodontists to search for alternative methods to deliver the management for these patients. Usage of laser in the oral cavity for different procedures is well documented in the dental literature as lasers have been proven to be effective in providing haemostasis, wound healing and better visibility of surgical site in the oral mucosa [9,29,31–33].