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Rubber Dam
Published in M S Duggal, M E J Curzon, S A Fayle, K J Toumba, A J Robertson, Restorative Techniques in Paediatric Dentistry, 2021
M S Duggal, M E J Curzon, S A Fayle, K J Toumba, A J Robertson
There are few situations when rubber dam should not be used. The only absolute contraindication is known allergy to latex. Rarely, application of rubber dam will produce an allergic reaction in an individual previously not known to be sensitized to latex. These reactions may vary in severity from mild contact dermatitis to severe hypersensitivity. However, even this problem can be overcome if necessary by using food-quality polythene sheeting. Caution should also be exercised in patients at risk from transient bacteraemia, such as those with congenital heart defects or immunosuppression. If gingival trauma is unavoidable, suitable antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered. Severe gingival disease may also contraindicate dam placement.
The gastrointestinal system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Sharon J. White, Francis A. Carey
Disease of the periodontal tissues presents as inflammation of the gingival tissues (gingivitis) or involves the gingivae, the periodontal ligament, and the related alveolar bone (periodontitis). Recent new classification of periodontal disease divides periodontal conditions into four categories: periodontal health, gingival disease and conditions, periodontitis, other conditions affecting the periodontium, and peri-implant diseases and conditions. The most common of these is gingivitis (Figure 10.3), which does not result in the loss of attachment of the periodontal tissues, is reversible and is usually caused by dental plaque but may also be influenced by other factors such as a genetic susceptibility. Periodontitis is measured in Stages (1–4) and Grades (A–C). The higher the stage the more advanced the disease. Grading reflects the rate of progression of disease and the risk of future progression A (slow progression), B (moderate rate of progression), or C (rapid progression). Local and systemic factors influence periodontitis, the most important of which is bacterial plaque within the pocket around the tooth. The inflammation in periodontitis results in the progressive loss of attachment of the periodontal ligament. The deepening of the gingival sulcus occurs with the formation of deep pockets. Prolonged inflammation results in osteoclastic resorption of the alveolar bone which leads to a lack of support and subsequent tooth loss if allowed to progress. Infrequently there may be an acute exacerbation of infection in such pockets and a periodontal abscess can develop.
Periodontal Diseases
Published in Lars Granath, William D. McHugh, Systematized Prevention of Oral Disease: Theory and Practice, 2019
William D. McHugh, Lars Matsson, Sigmund S. Socransky
Epidemiologic data have revealed a higher degree of gingivitis in the ages around puberty.118,146 This increased susceptibility to gingival disease has given rise to the concept of puberty gingivitis and has been attributed to hormonal changes during this period of life. An increase in the gingival inflammatory reaction has also been noted during the eruption of permanent teeth. This can be partly explained by neglect of oral hygiene due to avoidance of areas of irritation where permanent teeth are erupting and primary teeth are being shed. However, it has been pointed out that the permeability to macromolecules of the epithelium of an erupting tooth is enhanced, leading to a lower resistance to bacterial plaque components.21,100
Saliva diagnostics: emerging techniques and biomarkers for salivaomics in cancer detection
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Jieren Liu, Dongna Huang, Yuanzhe Cai, Zhihua Cao, Zhiyu Liu, Shuo Zhang, Lin Zhao, Xin Wang, Yuchuan Wang, Feijuan Huang, Zhengzhi Wu
Microbiomics highlights the diversification of microbiota structures in the development of oral and systemic cancer [5]. It was reported that salivary microbiome could be used in the detection of early resectable pancreatic cancer by means of microbial profiling, where two microbial markers were successfully developed with 96.4% sensitivity and 82.1% specificity [70]. High salivary counts of bacterial species of C. gingivalis, P. melaninogenica and S. mitis may be diagnostic indicators of OSCC [71]. Recent studies in the oral microbiome have found that specific microbial differences associated with gingival disease (Prevotella, Streptococcus, Porphyromonas and Dialister), oral graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (Firmicutes) and oral mucositis showed differences in patients with oral cancer and healthy controls [72].
Oral health status of hospitalized amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: a single-centre observational study
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Rena Nakayama, Akira Nishiyama, Chiharu Matsuda, Yuki Nakayama, Chiyoko Hakuta, Masahiko Shimada
A comparison of the results of this study with the survey of dental diseases (2016) shows that both DMFT and CPI scores were more favourable in this study. In particular, a large proportion of patients in this study showed no signs of gingival disease. Furthermore, the salivation rate at rest was above average in this study. In general, the salivation rate at rest is considered to be 0.3–0.4 mL/min [13–15]. In a study by Suzuki et al. that examined 119 patients with halitosis, the mean salivation rate at rest was 0.13 mL/min [16]. In a survey by Muddugangadhar et al., the salivation rates were found to be 0.34 ± 0.01 mL/min in people aged 45 years and younger and 0.33 ± 0.01 mL/min in people aged 46–60 years [17]. In this study, the salivation rate at rest was higher than in healthy people or patients with diseases other than ALS. This difference may be due to abnormalities of autonomous nervous activity and other central regulatory functions [18,19]. High salivation rates have the potential to maintain intraoral buffering, and the bactericidal activity of saliva may suppress the progression of caries and gingival disease. In addition, favourable intraoral conditions may reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia and other infectious diseases.
Age and female gender associated with periodontal disease in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from self-reported questionnaires from the IORRA cohort study
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2020
Takefumi Furuya, Eisuke Inoue, Eiichi Tanaka, Shigeru Maeda, Katsnori Ikari, Atsuo Taniguchi, Hisashi Yamanaka
JHAQ-DI was significantly correlated with recent gingival bleeding during toothbrushing. Low physical activity levels were previously shown to correlate with increased odds of gingival disease in the adult general population [28]. Functional disability was reported to be associated with periodontal disease and poor oral health in Japanese patients with RA [8] and people of other ethnicities [29]. Tooth loss has been associated with a greater risk of functional disability in community-dwelling elderly Japanese people [30]. Among the patients with RA and a high JHAQ-DI, disabilities of the hands can be a cause of reduced toothbrushing and associated poor dental health and periodontal disease; although, further studies are needed before reaching more definitive conclusions.