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Hierarchical Modeling and Aggregation
Published in Song S. Qian, Mark R. DuFour, Ibrahim Alameddine, Bayesian Applications in Environmental and Ecological Studies with R and Stan, 2023
Song S. Qian, Mark R. DuFour, Ibrahim Alameddine
Fluoride can help reduce dental caries. As a result, some U.S. cities started adding fluoride to community drinking water in the 1940s. In the 1960s, the U.S. government recommended fluoridation of drinking water to prevent tooth decay. Currently, the U.S. Public Health Service has recommended a concentration of 0.7 mg/L in drinking water. Long-term exposure to high levels of fluoride, however, can cause a condition called skeletal fluorosis, the buildup of fluoride in the bones. This can eventually result in joint stiffness and pain, and can also lead to weak bones or fractures in older adults. As a result, government agencies and health organizations established legal or recommended limits for fluoride in drinking water. For example, EPA set a legally enforceable MCL at 4 mg/L and a secondary (recommended) MCL at 2 mg/L to help protect children (under the age of 9) from dental fluorosis (fluoride build-up in developing teeth, preventing tooth enamel from forming normally); the World Health Organization has a fluoride guideline of 1.5 mg/L in drinking water [U.S. EPA, 2016a].
Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Excessive intake of fluoride gives rise to fluorosis, a disease characterized by excessive bone hardening leading to bones breaking easily. High concentrations of fluoride in drinking water causes corrosion of the enamel of the teeth, a process called mottling (8). Fluorosis is often observed in people living in areas where the soil is too rich in fluoride. Fluorosis has been observed in some region of China such as Tibet in people who have been drinking brick tea for many years. The fluoride concentration of brick tea is 200–300 times higher than ordinary green tea and black tea because brick tea (tea compressed into brick shape) is made from old stems and leaves of the tea tree, but ordinary green tea and black tea are made from tender leaves and buds (29). High intake of fluoride, in excess of one mg/l, results in mottling of the teeth; the enamel is no longer lustrous and becomes rough, an effect particularly marked on the upper incisors. In concentrations well in excess of ten parts per million, fluoride poisoning can occur, causing a loss of appetite and sclerosis of the bones of the spine, pelvis, and limbs (9).
Pathophysiology of Fluorosis and Calcium Dose Prediction for Its Reversal in Children: Mathematical Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Three Clinical Case Studies
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Suja George, A. B. Gupta, Mayank Mehta, Akshara Goyal
Fluorosis is a well-known endemic disease in many countries across the globe including Mexico, Australia, India, Africa, Thailand, China, and Sri Lanka. According to the various field surveys, it has been found that 15 States in India are endemic for fluorosis (fluoride level >1.5 mg/l in drinking water from groundwater supply) [1]. The presence of fluoride in the groundwater resources is due to the leaching of the fluoride-rich rocks such as Fluorspar CaF2 (Sedimentary rocks, limestones, sandstones), Cryolite Na3AlFPV6 (Igneous rocks, Granite), Fluorapatite Ca3(PO)2 Ca(FCl)2, etc., and when water percolates through these rocks, the fluoride is leached out from them. In India in the state of Rajasthan, all the 32 districts are fluorosis prone and the inhabitants are consuming water with high fluoride concentrations (8 to 10 mg/l) and some even up to 44 mg/l [2]. World Health Organization (WHO) has set the prescribed upper limit of drinking water fluoride concentration at 1.5 mg/l [3], whereas the Bureau of Indian Standards has put down Indian standards as 1.0 mg/l with further remarks as “lesser the better” [4].
Saliva microbiome alterations in dental fluorosis population
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Shanshan Liu, Qiangsheng Song, Chenchen Zhang, Mengwan Li, Zhenzhen Li, Yudong Liu, Li Xu, Xiaofei Xie, Lili Zhao, Rongxiu Zhang, Qinglong Wang, Guojin Zeng, Yifan Zhang, Kai Zhang
There are some limitations to this study. For one, only college students were recruited, potentially limiting the accuracy and generalizability of the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Thus, the sample size was expanded from 178 to 957 to decrease the experimental error. Additional long-term cohort studies will be essential to explore the potential mechanisms and disease incidence rates in patients with dental fluorosis to more fully understand the pathogenic functions of the oral microbiota and the dysbiosis. A negative relationship between dental fluorosis incidence and the abundance of cariogenic bacteria was observed. Certain opportunistic pathogens associated with lung infections were also observed at high abundance levels in patients with dental fluorosis. Additional studies of disease-related changes in patients with dental fluorosis are warranted to more fully understand the relationship between this condition and other pathogenic outcomes.
Multi-parametric groundwater quality and human health risk assessment vis-à-vis hydrogeochemical process in an Agri-intensive region of Indus basin, Punjab, India
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Vijay Jaswal, Ravishankar Kumar, Prafulla Kumar Sahoo, Sunil Mittal, Ajay Kumar, Sunil Kumar Sahoo, Yogalakshmi Kadapakkam Nandabalan
The chronic daily intake (CDI) for adults in the current study area was observed to range from 0.02–0.24 mg/kg-bodyweight/day (Supplementary Figure S2). The maximum value of CDI (0.24 mg/kg-bodyweight/day) was recorded in Khairpur followed by Wahabwala (0.19 mg/kg-bodyweight/day) and Ghallu (0.16 mg/kg-bodyweight/day) village of Fazilka district. Similarly, the CDI for children was calculated in the range from 0.02–0.45 mg/kg-bodyweight/day. The CDI for children (0.45 mg/kg-bodyweight/day) also followed similar trend as that of adults with highest CDI at Khairpur followed by Wahabwala (0.35 mg/kg-bodyweight/day) and Ghallu (0.31 mg/kg-bodyweight/day) village of Fazilka district. Due to small body size, children accumulate more contaminants as compared to adults. Henceforth, children are more susceptible to risk as compared to adults. Moreover the exceeding fluoride in 83 − 93% groundwater samples can be correlated to dental fluorosis in children.
Dental fluorosis in the Vesuvius towns in AD 79: a multidisciplinary approach
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2019
Pierpaolo Petrone, Vincenzo Graziano, Chaturvedula Sastri, Thierry Sauvage, Marcello Mezzasalma, Mariano Paternoster, Fabio Maria Guarino
Excessive intake of fluoride, most commonly by means of drinking water supply at concentrations higher than 1.5 mg/L, tends to accumulate with time and can cause fluorosis which may affect both teeth and bones (U.S. NRC 1993; WHO 2002). The effects of fluorosis may affect the teeth much earlier than the skeleton in people exposed to environmental fluoride (WHO 2002). A short-term exposure to fluoride in the first few years of life, during the period of tooth formation, is enough to induce dental mottling, while in the case of skeletal fluorosis the bones tend to be affected by lifetime accumulation which can lead to severe outcomes in elder individuals. Long-term intake of high doses of fluoride can lead to severe health problems such as dental, musculoskeletal, reproductive, developmental, renal, endocrine, neurological, and genotoxic effects (U.S. NRC 1993). The incidence of dental fluorosis may be generally higher in areas affected by recent volcanism (D’Alessandro 2006). It has also been suggested that some ancient populations living in regions characterised by dry climate or volcanic activity were affected by dental fluorosis due to high fluoride concentrations in the soil and groundwater (Yoshimura et al. 2006). Brown discolouration and various macroscopic alterations of tooth enamel were also observed in the residents of the Vesuvian towns, suddenly overwhelmed by the catastrophic Plinian eruption in AD 79. These observations, coupled with palaeopathological skeletal lesions, have suggested that the ancient inhabitants of the Vesuvius area suffered from dental as well as skeletal fluorosis (Torino et al. 1995; Petrone et al. 2011).