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RNA
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
The MS2 RNA contributed as a substrate to the evaluation of the pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), that was isolated from the leaves of the pokeweed plant Phytolacca americana and characterized initially as a ribosome-inactivating protein (Rajamohan et al. 1999). The PAP acted as the site-specific RNA N-glycosidase and removed catalytically a single adenine base from a highly conserved loop of the large rRNA species in eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes. In contrast to ricin A chains, the PAP-I, PAP-II, and PAP-III isoforms demonstrated ability to depurinate not only MS2, but also HIV-1 RNA, and appeared as potent anti-HIV agents (Rajamohan et al. 1999).
The Cycles of Life
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, The Thymus in Health and Senescence, 2019
In 1982 Puck et al. cultured normal human lymphocytes, using pokeweed mitogen to stimulate cell division.195 Bromodeoxyuridine (BudR) was added to such stimulated cultures, followed by exposure to light. A marked enhancement of the mitogenic effect was seen. Untreated cultures were mostly T8+ cells, while treated ones were mostly T4+cells. BudR alone does not give this effect. Also, there must be B cells present in that T cells alone will not show this enhanced effect. Thus light may play a role in mitotic events in the immune system.
Overview of HIV Infection
Published in Mark J. Rosen, James M. Beck, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Lung, 1998
Figure 10 Relation between the ability of AM from HIV-positive patients to stimulate a mitogen response and their CD4/CD8 ratios (a, b) and absolute CD4 counts (c, d). Highly significant negative correlations exist between the CD4/CD8 ratio and the ability of AM to stimulate a (a) con-A and (b) pokeweed mitogen response. There was weaker but suggestive negative correlations between the absolute CD4 counts and AM accessory cell function in (c) con-A and (d) pokeweed mitogen assays.
Recent developments in vaccines and biological therapies against Japanese encephalitis virus
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2018
Several inhibitors acting at a postentry stage of flavivirus infection have been developed. These include a derivate of the protein secondary structure mimetic bispidine conjugated with hydrophobic amino acid residues, which showed antiviral properties against JEV in vitro, probably by inhibition of viral genome replication [157]. Pokeweed, a plant-derived N-glycosidase ribosomal-inactivating protein isolated from Phytolacca americana, is a broad-spectrum antiviral protein that inhibits protein translation by depurination of rRNA. In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that pokeweed inhibited JEV replication and nanomolar concentration and conferred partial protection against JEV lethal infection in mice [158]. The antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide was shown to have also antiviral activity against a variety of viruses through different mechanisms. Regarding JEV, nitazoxanide inhibits JEV replication in cell culture and daily intragastric administration of the drug led to 90% reduction of the mortality of mice challenged with a lethal dose of JEV [159].
Plant identification applications do not reliably identify toxic and edible plants in the American Midwest
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Kevan Long, Andrew Townesmith, Alex Overmiller, Wendy Applequist, Anthony Scalzo, Paula Buchanan, Cindy C. Bitter
We also included several plants that are edible with proper preparation. Ripened fruits of Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple) are edible, while green fruits contain podophyllotoxin, from which the antineoplastic agents etoposide and teniposide were derived. Young shoots of the Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) plant are edible if cooked, while older shoots, roots, and berries from the plant contain saponins and pokeweed mitogen, which causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea which can be severe [19]. Elderberries (Sambucus spp.) contain a cyanide-inducing glycoside, but cooking neutralizes the compound [33]. Misidentification of fruits and berries has caused toxicity in humans [21,29].
Tumor stem cells fuse with monocytes to form highly invasive tumor-hybrid cells
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Luis Augusto Aguirre, Karla Montalbán-Hernández, José Avendaño-Ortiz, Elvira Marín, Roberto Lozano, Víctor Toledano, Laura Sánchez-Maroto, Verónica Terrón, Jaime Valentín, Elisa Pulido, José Carlos Casalvilla, Carolina Rubio, Luke Diekhorst, Fernando Laso-García, Carlos del Fresno, Ana Collazo-Lorduy, Beatriz Jiménez-Munarriz, Paloma Gómez-Campelo, Emilio Llanos-González, María Fernández-Velasco, Carlos Rodríguez-Antolín, Rebeca Pérez de Diego, Ramón Cantero-Cid, Enrique Hernádez-Jimenez, Enrique Álvarez, Rocío Rosas, Blanca dies López-Ayllón, Javier de Castro, Stefanie K. Wculek, Carolina Cubillos-Zapata, Inmaculada Ibáñez de Cáceres, Prudencio Díaz-Agero, María Gutiérrez Fernández, María Paz de Miguel, David Sancho, Leon Schulte, Rosario Perona, Cristóbal Belda-Iniesta, Lisardo Boscá, Eduardo López-Collazo
Previous sorted cells (103 per well) were also co-cultured with CFSE-labeled PBMCs (2x104 per well) isolated from HVs. Immune phenotyping of T-cells was analyzed by FACS after 48 h; cytokines levels on supernatants were measured by cytometric bead array (BD CBA Human Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokine Kit™, BD Biosciences). After 5 days, T-cell proliferation induced by pokeweed mitogen (0.5 µg/mL) was also analyzed by FACS, in the presence/absence of 1 µg/mL α-CD36 (Abcam, ab23680), α-CD39 (Biolgend-328202), α-CD73 (Biolgend-344002), α-PD-1 (Bristol-Myers Squibb) and 200 ng/mL α-SigleC5 (ThermoFisher PA5-47058) human antibodies.