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Aconite: Ethnopharmacological Benefits and Toxicity
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Assessment of Medicinal Plants for Human Health, 2020
Yogini S. Jaiswal, Leonard L. Williams
In Ayurveda, three methods for processing of aconite involve use of three different solvents: cow urine, cow milk, and goat milk.8,59,61,66 The processing method using cow urine is considered as the most superior method of the three methods. It is demonstrated in scientific reports that the acidic pH of cow urine (pH = 6.9) and exposure to heat can lead to conversion of DDAs to MDAs and DEDAs. Reports also indicate that cow urine enhances the bioavailability of drugs and helps in detoxification.10,23,33,38
Beyond the Menstrual Shed: Exploring Caste/Ethnic and Religious Complexities of Menstrual Practices in Far-West Nepal
Published in Women's Reproductive Health, 2021
Sara E. Baumann, Pema Lhaki, Martha A. Terry, Marni Sommer, Trevor Cutlip, Monica Merante, Jessica G. Burke
All of the Hindu girls (Brahman, Chhetri, Janajati and Dalit) practiced ritual cleansing by sprinkling and sipping cow urine to purify themselves on the last day of their menstrual period (Figure 4). “Our family members tell us that cows are a god and we should worship them. [Therefore] we will not be pure unless we drink their urine [after our menstrual period]” (Maya, Hindu Dalit, age 18). The participants also discussed the importance of sprinkling cow urine on people and objects if they accidentally touched them during their menstrual period: “If I touch my mom while menstruating, she will become sick and she may die. [But if] I take a bath, sprinkle the cow urine and drink [it], then she will be ok” (Sunita, Hindu Chhetri, age 18). If cow urine is unavailable, sprinkling water touched by an object made of gold, such as an earring or ring, is an alternative for ritual purification. One Christian girl confirmed that she has witnessed her friends practicing this tradition: “If Hindus touch the inside of the house [during their menstrual period], they have a tradition of sprinkling gold touched water and cow urine…they have also done this with us” (Mala, Christian Chhetri, age 18). Similarly, if a woman accidentally touches a water tap during her menstrual period, it is cleansed using cow urine. One Hindu girl shared the rationale for this practice: “While menstruating, someone accidentally touched that water tap and the water tap went dry. After putting cow urine [on it], water came again” (Sunita, Hindu Chhetri, age 18).
Deoxynivalenol and its modified forms: key enzymes, inter-individual and interspecies differences in metabolism
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Yating Wang, Jiefeng Li, Xu Wang, Wenda Wu, Eugenie Nepovimova, Qinghua Wu, Kamil Kuca
The deacetylation of acetylated DON shows interspecies differences. In pigs, 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are completely hydrolyzed pre-systemically (Broekaert et al. 2015). Both oral and IV 3/15-Ac-DON administered to pigs were completely metabolized into DON, suggesting that pre-systemic and systemic deacetylation proceed in parallel. Upon the oral administration of acetyl-DONs, the metabolites were only DON, DON-GlcA, DOM-1, and trace amounts of the acetylated forms (Broekaert et al. 2015). Different from pigs, rats can directly glucuronidate acetyl-DONs without preliminary de-acetylation (Veršilovskis et al. 2012). After rats are fed 3/15-Ac-DON, 3-Ac-DON-GlcA accumulates in their small intestines (Berthiller et al. 2011). In the chicken digestive tract, 3-Ac-DON is metabolized into DOM-1 and free DON. By contrast, 15-Ac-DON is metabolized into DOM-1 and DON as well as into de-epoxy-15-acetyl-DON (Young et al. 2007). Interestingly, trace levels of 15-Ac-DON exist in the blood of chickens after oral or IV treatment, indicating that, at least in chickens, in contrast with 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON partially resist deacetylation (Broekaert et al. 2015). The oral bioavailability of acetylated forms in chickens is lower than that in pigs (Maresca 2013). In vitro anaerobic fecal incubations revealed that the de-acetylation rate of 3-Ac-DON decreases in the order of rat > mouse > human > pig, compared with mouse > human > rat > pig for 15-Ac-DON (Jin et al. 2021). In calves, 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are rapidly transformed to free DON (Valgaeren et al. 2019); moreover, in this study, DON-3-GlcA was found to be the major metabolite of DON and its acetylated forms. However, it is very possible that the researchers (Valgaeren et al. 2019) have not included DOM-3-GlcA in their analysis, since a more comprehensive analysis of the DON-derived glucuronides compounds show that DOM-3-GlcA is the dominant DON metabolites in cow urine (Schwartz-Zimmermann et al. 2017).