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Herbal Drug Discovery Against Inflammation: From Traditional Wisdom to Modern Therapeutics
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Shalini Dixit, Karuna Shanker, Madhumita Srivastava, Priyanka Maurya, Nupur Srivastava, Jyotshna, Dnyaneshwar U. Bawankule
Wide literature available throughout the world has now proven the uses of cloves in a toothache, headache, and respiratory disorders and in many more ailments. Oleanolic acid, one of the constituents of the cloves of Syzygium aromaticum is a triterpenoid known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties (Lee et al., 2013).3-acetoxyoleanolic acid 3-acetoxy-28-methylester oleanolic acid was synthesized by oleanolic acid isolated from S. aromaticum was evaluated for their anti-inflammatory properties using the serotonin and fresh egg albumin-induced inflammatory test models in male Wistar rats weighing from 250 to 300 g (Figure 3.7). Significant results were obtained for semisynthetic analogs 3-acetoxyoleanolic acid and 3-acetoxy, 28-methylester. Oleanolic acid was found to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in the albumin and serotonin-induced inflammatory test (Nkeh et al., 2015). In traditional Mexican medicine, Verbesina persicifolia, a medicinal plant commonly known as ‘huichin,’ has been used to treat a variety of diseases. One more compound, i.e., 4β-cinnamoyloxy, 1β, 3α-dihydroxyeudesm-7, 8-ene (1) and its derivates namely diacetate (2), hydrogenate (3) and diacetate hydrogenate (4) were synthesized in lab (Figure 3.8). Further, the anti-inflammatory effect was assayed by TPA-induced ear edema test. All derivatives exerts an anti-inflammatory effect significantly lower than that exerted by (1) (Via et al., 2015).
Tropical Herbs and Spices as Functional Foods with Antidiabetic Activities
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Arnia Sari Mukaromah, Fitria Susilowati
Syzygium aromaticum L. (Cloves) is a native herb in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, Mexico, India, Haiti, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. Cloves are commonly used as spices for an aromatic flavor. Cloves contain essential oil, phenolic compounds, and hydrolyzable tannins [61]. Tahir et al. reported that the yield of essential oil in cloves was 8.5% with pale yellow color. It is soluble in alcohol and has a refractive index of 1.23 [103].
Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Clove oil is used traditionally in dental care as an antiseptic and analgesic, where the undiluted oil may be rubbed on the gums to treat toothache. It is active against oral bacteria associated with dental caries and periodontal disease and effective against a large number of other bacteria. Most of these biological activities are ascribed to its main ingredient eugenol, which is also used as a starting material for the production of vanillin (1). An overview of potential health benefits of clove is provided in ref. 4.
Syzygium aromaticum aqueous extract inhibits human neutrophils myeloperoxidase and protects mice from LPS-induced lung inflammation
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2019
Amina Chniguir, Fatma Zioud, Viviana Marzaioli, Jamel El-Benna, Rafik Bachoual
Fruits, vegetables and spices, such as clove, oregano, mint, thyme and cinnamon, are important sources of antioxidants, including ascorbic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids and hydrolyzable tannins. Epidemiological studies indicate that populations that consume products rich in specific polyphenols have a lower incidence of inflammatory disorders such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, as well as certain cancers (Huxley and Neil 2003; Temple and Gladwin 2003). Clove represents one of the major vegetal sources of phenolic compounds as flavonoids, hidroxibenzoic acids, hidroxicinamic acids and hidroxiphenylpropens. With regard to the phenolic acids, eugenol is the main bioactive compound of clove is found in higher concentration (Shan et al. 2005). Roughly, 89% of the clove essential oil is eugenol and 5–15% is eugenol acetate and β-cariofileno (Jirovetz et al. 2006). Other phenolic acids found in clove are the caffeic, ferulic, elagic and salicylic acids but also some flavonoids such as kaempferol, quercetin and its derivates.
Effects of lipid formulations on clove extract spray dried powders: comparison of physicochemical properties, storage stability and in vitro intestinal permeation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Diego F. Cortes-Rojas, Claudia R. F. Souza, Mong-Jen Chen, Guenther Hochhaus, Wanderley P. Oliveira
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is an important medicinal plant that has been used for centuries as food preservative, pain reliever and found to be one of the richest sources for phenolic antioxidants (Shan et al. 2005; Pérez-Jiménez et al. 2010). In clove extracts, eugenol and eugenyl acetate are the two main compounds which contribute to the medicinal and nutritional benefits (Kamatou et al. 2012). For example, eugenol has been suggested as a drug candidate for cancer prevention and treatment. It has been shown to modulate several cellular inflammation-related signaling pathways, such as the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways. NF-κB function as dimeric transcription factors which regulate the expression of genes influencing a broad range of biological processes including immunity, inflammation and stress responses (Aggarwal & Shishodia 2010).
Microemulsion-thermosensitive gel composites as in situ-forming drug reservoir for periodontitis tissue repair through alveolar bone and collagen regeneration strategy
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Yang Ding, Yuxiao Wang, Jiaxin Li, Maomao Tang, Hairong Chen, Guichun Wang, Jian Guo, Shuangying Gui
Chinese herbal medicines have unique advantages and specific effects in preventing and treating of periodontitis, thanks to their wide range of biological activities and high safety. Baicalin is a natural compound extracted from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis and represents one of the most important bioactive flavonoids widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Baicalin inhibits the mRNA expression of RANKL, with a role in osteoclast differentiation, by inhibiting IL-1β-induced COX-2 expression, which is involved in inflammation. In addition to the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, baicalin is effective in periodontitis and alveolar bone resorption (Wang et al. 2006). Clove oil is an essential oil extracted from Eugenia caryophyllata, with mainly antioxidant, analgesic, antifungal, and antibacterial properties (Pramod et al. 2010; Nunez and Aquino 2012). Clove oil is also used as a natural antibacterial agent against cariogenic and periodontal pathogens (Blaszyk and Holley 1998; Moon et al. 2011). Therefore, combining of baicalin and clove oil may exert a potentially better effect in periodontitis, therapy, reducing side effects and the development of antimicrobial resistance. However, the physical and chemical properties of baicalin and clove oil differ; thus, microemulsion is used to load baicalin and clove oil together in a delivery system. Compared with previous reports, we prepared a microemulsion mixture with clove oil instead of the traditional oil phase. On the one hand, the combination of clove oil and baicalin exerts multi-target therapeutic effects; on the other hand, clove oil acts as both active ingredient and the excipient of the oil phase in microemulsion.