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Metalinguistic Awareness and Reading Acquisition: Some Issues
Published in Kees P. van den Bos, Linda S. Siegel, Dirk J. Bakker, David L. Share, Current Directions in Dyslexia Research, 2020
What is emphasized here is the importance and relatedness of phonological structure and morphological structure, and not just the mere act of segmentation for what Mattingly (1987, p. 489) calls the “alphabetically naive but phonologically-curious person.” Take, as an example, the pronunciation of the pseudoword “stet”. It is guided by the phonological structure and the phonemic environment of the sibilant /s/ such that the following stop consonant /t/ must be unvoiced. Similarly, the stop consonant /t/, usually unvoiced, is a flap /t/ in the word “latter” and the /d/ in “ladder” is a voiced flap. These flaps differ in the duration of the vowel /ae/ at the phonemic level in their different speech environment, and this different phonological structure explains the mis-reading of the flapped It/ as the flapped /d/, or its misspelling as <d>.
Clinical Aspects of Interstitial Lung Disease
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Adventitious lung sounds, first described by Laennec,1 are usually associated with disease. Laennec used the term “rale” to describe the rattling chest sounds heard in dying patients. Sibilant, sonorous, mucous, and moist were the adjectives he used to describe the rale further. Synonyms of the term have proliferated since the early 19th century.
Hearing Tests in Children
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
In the original description of the performance test, the signal used was a voiced ‘go’ (low frequency), or a sibilant ‘s’ (high frequency).27 When using voiced signals, it is essential that the face is totally outside the child’s visual field and the mouth is shielded to prevent any awareness of air movement. The tester should therefore adopt a position similar to that described for distraction testing. Frequency-modulated warble tones with stimulus duration of 1–3 seconds are now the preferred option, providing low-, mid- and high-frequency-specific signals delivered by means of portable soundfield noise generators, loudspeakers, insert earphones (using the child’s own ear moulds if available) or bone conductor, used in a similar arrangement to that described for VRA. The technique is particularly useful for recording aided soundfield responses. Whatever the signal, it is essential that the test conditions are reproduced accurately to calibrate the intensity delivered to the child’s ear. The sequence of presentation should be determined by the clinical priority but would typically be 1 kHz–2 kHz–4 kHz–0.5 kHz then possibly 8 kHz, 0.25 kHz, 3 kHz and 6 kHz as indicated.
Treatment of active nasal fricatives substituting /s/ in young children with normal palatal function using motor-based intervention
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2021
Liselotte Kjellmer, Liisi Raud Westberg, Anette Lohmander
An active nasal fricative is a nasal realisation of an oral fricative that is produced when the speech airstream is actively directed through the nose, generating turbulent airflow nasally instead of orally (Harding & Grunwell, 1998). An active nasal fricative can be perceived either as a high frequency air emission sound through the nose (anterior nasal fricative) or as “snorting” or turbulence (posterior nasal fricative) (Zajac, 2015). Such alternative articulation behaviour replacing orally produced fricatives, typically sibilants, sometimes occur in children with a normal palate and velopharyngeal function and is considered a maladaptive articulation error associated with velopharyngeal mislearning (Harding & Grunwell, 1998; Peterson-Falzone & Graham, 1990; Zajac, 2015). Active nasal fricative substitutions can compromise speech and lead to a general impression of the individual’s speech being nasal and should be managed through speech therapy (Kummer, Marshall, & Wilson, 2015).
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for near fatal asthma with sudden cardiac arrest
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Yuheng Lang, Yue Zheng, Xiaomin Hu, Lei Xu, Zhiqiang Luo, Dawei Duan, Peng Wu, Lei Huang, Wenqing Gao, Qunxing Ma, Meng Ning, Tong Li
A 56-year-old man with asthma presented to the emergency room with 6 h of shortness of breath and mental status changes after breathing in a large amount of irritating gas. His past medical history was notable for a 20-year smoking history, 20-year history of hypertension (III), 27-year history of asthma and over 20-year history of COPD. On clinical examination, he was in respiratory distress, tachypneic, blood pressure (BP) 185/97 mmHg, pulse 132/min, RR 29/min, temperature 36.7 °C, and oxygen saturation was 87.7% with oxygen inhalation 6 l/min. His initial arterial blood gas analysis (ABGs) showed pH of 7.162, PCO2 of 71.9 mmHg, PO2 of 68.2 mmHg, HCO3- of 25.2 mmol/L, LAC of 0.85 mmol/L, and BE of -5.2 mmol/L (Table 1). Chest examination revealed decreased breath sounds, and obvious bilateral sibilant wheeze. Chest X-ray demonstrated some scattered inflammatory lesions and the atelectasis of the lower right lung (Figure 1A). Complete blood count and other blood tests showed the inflammation response due to the pneumonia.
Rapidly progressive case of type I Madelung disease with bilateral parotid and minor salivary glands involvement
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2020
On examination, there was a symmetric swelling around the neck, face and also deltoid region (Figure 1). On palpation the swelling felt warm and indurated, without any notable cutaneous alterations. ‘Buffalo neck’ was also evident (Figure 2). Sibilant crackles were noted during lung auscultation. Initial biochemical examinations showed normal U&Es and LFTs, with a slight increase in random blood glucose level, but normal HbA1c (Table 1). An epiaortic doppler-ultrasonography found a bilaterally normal blood flow, with an intima-media thickness <1 mm. There was evidence of a massive interstitial oedema in the neck tissues. A head, neck, chest and abdomen CT scan, without contrast, showed a perifocal proliferating swelling around the oropharyngeal region with thickness up to 7.6 mm. The lungs were normal. The patient was admitted with a suspected allergic oedema. Due to dyspnea and the high risk of suffocation, maxillofacial and otolaryngologist opinions were requested.