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Nutritional Considerations in Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Thickening of infant feeding has a role in management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Preterm infants frequently experience gastroesophageal reflux, as their esophageal motility is still maturing (43). Infant formula has been thickened mostly with starch-based substances with rice or other starches. Human milk contains a heat-resistant amylase that quickly digests any starch added and so thickening with starch is not successful. Gum-based thickeners are able to thicken human milk, but some (xanthan gum) have led to preterm infants developing NEC (44). Current thickening strategies of preterm infant feeding, particularly with gum-based thickeners, generate highly variable viscosity measurements that raise concerns about their safety profile. Objective measures of liquid viscosity and careful consideration of acidity and time are needed for thickening strategies.
Grains
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Manufacturers leverage fear—a primal emotion that tends to overwhelm the capacity for deliberation—by offering gluten-free products whose ingredients include “tapioca, corn, rice flour, potato starch, and xanthan gum.”62Chapter 13 defines tapioca as cassava starch, which lacks micronutrients.63 Later sections discuss corn and rice’s health effects in prehistory and history. Chapter 13 amasses evidence that the potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the world’s most nourishing food. Like tapioca, however, potato starch is just carbohydrates without additional nutrients.64 Fermented from sucrose, mentioned earlier and discussed in Chapters 2 and 11, xanthan gum lacks nutrients and may impair breathing and digestion.65
Natural Products and Stem Cells and Their Commercial Aspects in Cosmetics
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Sonia Trehan, Rose Soskind, Jemima Moraes, Vinam Puri, Bozena Michniak-Kohn
Several gums are derived from microbial fermentation processes. Xanthan gum is derived from the fermentation of sugars by Xanthomonas campestris bacterium. The viscosity is maintained in varying temperatures and pH ranges. Xanthan gum can provide foam to many shower and bathing products, including shampoos and soaps. Gellan gum comes from the fermentation of the Sphingomonas elodea bacterium and can be used as a gelling agent even in very low concentrations. Sclerotium gum is derived from the fermentation of the Scelrotium rolfsii bacterium (Dweck, 2011).
Design, development and characterization of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel bead for controlled release of glipizide drug
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Kalaiarasan Sellamuthu, Sheela Angappan
Xanthan gum (XAG) is a hydrophilic high molecular weight polysaacharide biopolymer secreted from the microorganism Xanthomonas campestri by the fermentation process. Structurally, it is similar to that of cellulose, with (1, 4)-linked β-D-glucose units as backbone and branching trisaccharide side chain comprising of two D-mannose along with one D-glucuronic acid units which distinguish from cellulose [15,16]. It has several unique characteristics like the change in appearance, texture, taste masking, viscosity, water controlling properties, the thermal stability of formulations, and rheology of final products in the cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical and dye industry field [17,18]. Several studies have been reported where it was utilized as a sustained release agent, and controlled release agent for target drug delivery system in matrix tablets and pellets [19–21]. Earlier, it has been reported that XAG and SAL spheres were used in combination to entrap enzymes in calcium chloride solution, and the activity of enzymes was retained even at higher concentrations of XAG [22].
Formulation and evaluation of carrot seed oil-based cosmetic emulsions
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2019
Shalini Singh, Alka Lohani, Arun Kumar Mishra, Anurag Verma
Xanthan gum was used as an emulsion stabilizer. It is nontoxic and nonirritating. Xanthan gum is soluble in cold and hot water and shows a high degree of viscosity even in low concentrations. The high viscosity of xanthan gum at low shear rates effectively stabilizes creams and lotions, which are primarily oil-in-water emulsions. Xanthan gum keeps emulsions stable over a broad temperature and pH range. It also assures lotion flowability even upon aging. Furthermore, xanthan gum stabilizes the oil phase of creams and lotions and delivers the active ingredients to the skin in a uniform manner. With its high viscosity at rest, xanthan gum effectively suspends insoluble ingredients in cosmetics. It can be used in combination with other thickeners and stabilizers to improve the texture, flow behavior, stability, and appearance. Xanthan gum produces a large increase in the viscosity of a liquid with the addition of a very small amount of gum. Generally, 1%w/v, but as little as 0.1w/v%, can be used in many applications. Xanthan gum solutions are pseudoplastic, i.e., they show shear thinning flow behavior. This pseudoplasticity imparts a smooth texture to the final product and provides a pleasant application.
Enhancement of levodopa stability when complexed with β-cyclodextrin in transdermal patches
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Rana Obaidat, Nizar Al-Shar'i, Bassam Tashtoush, Tamara Athamneh
The selection of a polymeric material in designing a transdermal drug-delivery system (TDDS) is critical to achieve an optimal effect6,11,13–15. Carbopols are biodegradable, mucoadhesive and environmentally responsive polymers and are considered as “smart gels”16,17. Due to their stability under variable temperatures (e.g. sterilization), carbopols can be used as a vehicle for pharmaceutical bioadhesive preparations (transdermal and buccal)17. Xanthan gum is a high molecular weight polysaccharide gum with a hydrophilic polymer4,18. Xanthan is gaining more attention not only because of its biocompatibility and inertness but also because it retards drug release and provides time-independent release kinetics18.