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Medicines management
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Kirsty Andrews, Martina O’Brien
Medicines can be chemically unstable and may even be manufactured with a stabiliser included in the chemical compound. They generally become more unstable if warm; hence a cool dark place, away from direct sunlight, is most suitable for storage. This is why medicines are usually stored in dark bottles. Some medicines must be stored in a refrigerator, for example insulin. Separate locked drug fridges should be used with a visible temperature gauge on the outside; the temperature is regulated between 2°C and 8°C and must be monitored, recorded and reset each day (RPS 2018).
Understanding Fragrance: From Chemistry to Emotion
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
The simplest formulation using fragrances is an alcoholic dilution to prepare a perfume. This consists of ethanol (around 80% concentration), water and the fragrance oil. As the final packaging is usually transparent glass, stabilizers are added to protect against interaction with sunlight and prevent any visual change (colour, precipitation, cloudiness, etc.) that will result in consumer rejection of the product. Typical stabilizers are UV filters (benzophenone-3, homosalate and others), chelating agents to reduce availability of heavy metals (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA]) and antioxidant agents (butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT], citric acid). Many perfumes contain colourants or dyes that can add further complexity as some colourants, such as red and blue dyes, have limited photostability requiring a better stabilization system. Perfumes are best prepared by first adding the fragrance oil to alcohol, followed by the addition of the water and other ingredients. The final solution is then chilled to around 5°C and filtered to remove any solid residues or solid material that was not properly solubilized, and also to avoid future precipitation.
Nanosuspensions as Nanomedicine: Current Status and Future Prospects
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, Medicinal Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Product Development, 2019
Shobha Ubgade, Vaishali Kilor, Abhay Ittadwar, Alok Ubgade
Stabilizers are indispensable in the formulation of nanosuspension. The nano-sized particles possess high surface energy and are prone to agglomeration or aggregation of drug crystals. Stabilizers prevent agglomeration or aggregation to yield a physically stable formulation by providing steric or ionic barriers. The main function of a stabilizer is to wet the drug particles thoroughly and to prevent Ostwald’s ripening and agglomeration [22].
Microneedle technology for potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccine delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Megan McNamee, Shuyi Wong, Owen Guy, Sanjiv Sharma
There are five considerations to be made when formulating the coating solution [49]; (i) coating wetting and spreading; (ii) water-solubility; (iii) mechanical strength; (iv) excipient biocompatibility; and (v) protection of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Wetting and spreading of the coating solution on the MN substrate must be well-regulated to ensure uniformity of the coated layer, with surfactants and thickeners commonly used to enable formulation customization to provide the desired coating behavior [49,52–54]. Importantly, dried coatings require high mechanical strength for optimal adhesion to the MN substrate, enabling sound delivery following insertion into the skin [55]. Sound API delivery and stability is also impacted by the excipients and solvents used in the coating formulation, which may need to be recharacterized following the change in delivery mode [56]. Crucially, the coating procedure needs to be carried out without damaging the drug molecules, and the procedure needs to be compatible with industrial pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. Commonly, stabilizers can be used to protect the drugs, especially during the coating and drying processes [57]. A wide range of compounds can be coated onto MNs including small molecules, macromolecules, vaccines, DNA, and micron-scaled particles. However, in order to do so, each of the five above criteria must be considered and optimized [50–52,54,55,57–65].
The effect of radiolabeled nanostructured lipid carrier systems containing imatinib mesylate on NIH-3T3 and CRL-1739 cells
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Evren Atlihan Gundogdu, Emine Selin Demir, Meliha Ekinci, Emre Ozgenc, Derya Ilem Ozdemir, Zeynep Senyigit, Makbule Asikoglu
[99mTc]Tc is an ideal radionuclide to radiolabel new drug delivery systems. The reducing agent is crucial for radiolabeling studies with [99mTc]Tc. The colloid structure occurs in the radiolabeled system and radiochemical purity begins to decrease by adding reducing agent in high concentrations. In the presence of lower concentrations of reducing agent, free technetium ratio decreases. In both cases, radiochemical purity of radiolabeled system is adversely affected. Mostly stannous salts are preferred to use as reducing agents in radiolabeling process (Liu, 2005; Tsionou et al., 2017). In this study, stannous chloride was used as reducing agent. The effect of different reducing agent concentrations was evaluated and optimum stannous chloride amount was found to be 500 μg for radiolabeling (Figure 2). [99mTc]Tc radiolabeled systems may have auto radiolysis during preparation, release, and storage. It will decrease the stability and targeting capability of formulation. Therefore, it is very important to use stabilizer to minimize the auto radiolysis. The stabilizers are often antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, gentisic acid, and p-aminobenzoic acid (Liu, 2005). Herein, ascorbic acid was used as an antioxidant agent. The effect of antioxidant agent concentration on the radiochemical purity was evaluated, and optimum ascorbic acid amount was found to be 0.1 mg for all formulations (Figure 2).
Lung cancer: active therapeutic targeting and inhalational nanoproduct design
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018
Nasser Alhajj, Chin Fei Chee, Tin Wui Wong, Noorsaadah Abd Rahman, Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim, Paolo Colombo
Current approaches of producing inhalable nanoparticles face several challenges. For instance, current approaches mainly depend on spray drying technique. This technique requires a great deal of experimental works to optimize the formulation and processing parameters that give an inhalable characteristics for the product. Unfortunately, this laborious optimization work is only applicable for a substance under study and cannot be generalized for other substances. In addition, current approaches face problems due to excipients demand. For examples, high percentage of stabilizer is required which is feasible only with highly potent drugs. Different surfactants are used to control nanoparticles agglomeration and ensure the release of nanoparticles. This may cause irritation on the pulmonary epithelium due to non-ionic surfactant ability to disturb mucus or alveolar surfactant [223]. Further, the ability of current inhalable nanoparticle forms to release nanoparticles upon deposition is still uncertain.