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Cinchona officinalis (Cinchona Tree) and Corylus avellana (Common Hazel)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Sawsan A. Oran, Arwa Rasem Althaher, Mohammad S. Mubarak
The following compounds in the hazelnut kernel are considered phenolic acids belonging to the hydroxybenzoic acid class: p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, salycilic acid, 4-hydroxysalicylic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid (Prosperini et al., 2009; Pelvan et al., 2018). Gallic acid, which is found in hazelnut kernels, green leafy cover (Alasalvar et al., 2006), skin, tree leaves (Shahidi et al., 2007), and shells (Yuan et al., 2018), is the primary constituent of C. avellana. On the other hand, protocatechuic acid has been isolated from kernels (both fresh and roasted) and hazelnut skin (Pelvan et al., 2018), and has been recognized as the predominant ingredient in the brown skin and shells of hazelnuts produced in the United States (Alasalvar et al., 2006; Yuan et al., 2018). Furthermore, vanillic acid, methyl gallate, and veratric acid have all been found in hazelnut shells (Esposito et al., 2017; Yuan et al., 2018).
Value-Added Products and Bioactive Compounds from Fruit Wastes
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Ranjay Kumar Thakur, Rahel Suchintita Das, Prashant K. Biswas, Mukesh Singh
The increase in demand for naturally derived flavors has encouraged the production of natural vanillin from substrates through the process of microbial biotransformation. Vanillin (4 hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde) is produced from vanillic acid. Pineapple peel waste harbors ferulic acid, which is the precursor of vanillic acid [169]. Therefore, vanillin can be synthesized from pineapple peels from a series of biochemical reactions [98].
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
The flavor of MP can be divided into four major ingredient aromatic groups: 1. vanilla (vanillic acid and its derivatives vanillin, benzyl vanillate, acetovanillone); 2. rose oil (benzoates); 3. cinnamon (cinnamic acid, cinnamyl alcohol, benzyl cinnamate, cinnamyl cinnamate, methyl cinnamate, other cinnamates); 4. (to a lesser degree) clove (eugenol, isoeugenol).
Vanillic acid attenuates amyloid β1-40-induced long-term potentiation deficit in male rats: an in vivo investigation
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Nesa Ahmadi, Naser Mirazi, Alireza Komaki, Samaneh Safari, Abdolkarim Hosseini
A form of vanillin which is oxidized, vanillic acid (VA) (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid), is an antioxidant that is phenolic and as a secondary metabolite is mostly found in natural products (e.g. honey) and honey plants. It is usually adopted as a flavoring agent and food additive; elicited from the roots of Angelica sinensis medical plant, it is used in Chinese traditional medication in its raw shape [11]. Recent studies have revealed that VA has various pharmacological features such as being anti-inflammatory and antioxidant [12,13]. It has been shown that VA impedes the pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 through the reservation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activity. Also, VA hampers the receptor-interacting protein (RIP)-2/caspase-1 pathway and the production of nitric oxide (NO), resulting in anti-inflammatory responses in male rats [14].
Nutraceuticals-based therapeutic approach: recent advances to combat pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Marjan Talebi, Eleni Kakouri, Mohsen Talebi, Petros A. Tarantilis, Tahereh Farkhondeh, Selen İlgün, Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri, Saeed Samarghandian
Vanillic acid is a benzoic acid derivative and it is the oxidized form of Vanilli. It is attained from the plant Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. Downregulating the AChE, corticosterone, TNF-α levels, and upregulating antioxidants levels are possible mechanisms underlying the protective effects of vanillic acid in AD. In Aβ1-42 expressing transgenic mouse, administration of vanillic acid lessens Aβ1-42-intervened induction of ROS, neuroinflammation, synaptic insufficiency, neurodegeneration, and memory problems. In Aβ1-42-treated mice, vanillic acid amended cognitive behavior via the upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 expression and augmented GSH levels in the brain. Vanillic acid upregulated Akt/GSK-3β/Nrf2 signaling pathways which in turn induces HO-1 expression. Vanillic acid is one of the main constituents of virgin olive oil derived hydroxycinnamic acids. Vanillic acid and hydroxycinnamic acids alleviated intracellular ROS in SH-SY5Y cells. These two compounds downregulated the pERK1/2 and p-p38 activation without affecting JNK levels. They could abrogate Aβ neurotoxicity as well.
Determination of suppressive effect on human T-cell activation by hispidulin, nepetin, and vanillic acid
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2019
Premrutai Thitilertdecha, Varangkana Tantithavorn, Poonsin Poungpairoj, Nattawat Onlamoon
Flavonoids including hispidulin (4′,5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone) and nepetin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxyflavone) and a phenolic acid, vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid), are abundantly found in the Thai medicinal plant called Clerodendrum petasites S. Moore [3]. Moreover, the three compounds were reported to be good candidates for skin penetration [4], providing not only oral but also topical routes of drug administration for allergic contact dermatitis. Hispidulin and nepetin are also found in other plant species including Clerodendrum inerme (L.) [5], Clerodendrum indicum (L) Gaertn [6], Salvia plebeian R. Br. (SP) [7], Eupatorium arnottianum Griseb. [8], Santolina insularis (Genn. Ex Fiori) [9], and Artermisia vestita [10]. Vanillic acid is found in several other plants as well, such as Solanum melongena [11], Armillaria mellea [12], Allium sativum L. [13], and Phyllanthus emblica [14]. Because of flavonoids (i.e. hispidulin and nepetin), and phenolic acid (i.e. vanillic acid) are well-known for anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive potentials, they have been then interested and recently investigated for these activities.