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Tocopherol
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Vitamin E (tocopherol) is a term that encompasses a group of potent lipid-soluble antioxidants. Structural analyses have revealed that molecules having vitamin E antioxidant activity include four tocopherols (α, β, γ, δ) and four tocotrienols (α, β, γ, δ). α-Tocopherol is the most abundant form in nature and has the highest biological activity (20,23). This vitamin is considered essential for the stabilization of biological membranes, especially those with high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is a potent peroxyl radical scavenger and inhibits noncompetitively cyclooxygenase activity in many tissues, resulting in a decrease in prostaglandin production. Vitamin E also inhibits angiogenesis and tumor dormancy through suppressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transcription.
Role of Vitamin D and Antioxidants in the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Shilia Jacob Kurian, Ruby Benson, Sonal Sekhar Miraj, Mahadev Rao
Vitamin E is recognized as critical for optimal neurological health. While there are eight natural types of vitamin E, α-tocopherol has received the greatest attention as its plasma half-life is 20 hours, which is considerably longer than that of other isoforms. The emphasis on α-tocopherol is possibly due to its similarity to tocopherol transfer protein, which controls the entire body’s status of vitamin E (Galli et al. 2017; Jiang 2014). Because vitamin E is an important micronutrient, people need to take the vitamin to maintain adequate levels. The minimum RDA for α-tocopherol is currently 15 mg/day for adults and the maximum dose is 1,000 mg/day (Shahidi and De Camargo 2016).
Components of Nutrition
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Vitamin E (tocopherol) is an antioxidant, a class of compounds whose benefits a later section describes. Tocopherol stabilizes LDL, whose function was noted. Vitamin E aids red-blood-cell formation and helps the body store vitamins A and K and minerals iron and selenium. Tocopherol is in vegetable oils, peanuts, nuts, spinach, broccoli, and fortified products like breakfast cereals and margarine. The RDA is 4–15 milligrams (mg) or 6–22.4 IU depending on age and on pregnancy and lactation for women.83 Because natural sources are best, people who consume vitamin E in fortified products should aim for 33 IU per day. Superabundance does not appear to harm the body.
Development of gamma-tocotrienol as a radiation medical countermeasure for the acute radiation syndrome: current status and future perspectives
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Considering the widespread use and availability in the marketplace of the tocopherol group, including GT3, as nutritional supplements, in cosmetics, and in oral care/hygienic products, they are recognized as safe for various applications in humans, including medicinal purposes [35]. The literature on this subject is extensive, going well beyond the scope of this article, but suffice it to say that GT3/tocopherol is exceedingly well tolerated when administered topically or orally, even at the upper reaches of dose administrations. However, this general statement concerning GT3/tocopherol’s lack of toxic potential is far less certain when these agents are administered by injection. Despite the lack of reports of observing toxic effects associated with GT3/tocopherol administration in small experimental animals, there has been at least one report of adverse effects at the site of GT3 injections of large experimental animals (NHPs) when doses were at 75 mg/kg or greater [36]. Regardless, additional toxicological assessments of injected GT3 are warranted and would encompass both large animal models as well as human volunteers (Phase 1 clinical trials).
Peyronie’s disease: pharmacological treatments and limitations
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Eric V. Li, Robert Esterquest, Minh N. Pham, Evan J. Panken, Channa Amarasekera, Aisha Siebert, Petar Bajic, Laurence A. Levine
Vitamin E (Tocopherol) is a fat-soluble, natural antioxidant, and the most commonly prescribed oral agent due to affordability, availability, and minimal toxicity. Vitamin E as a single agent has not been shown to be effective, and only anecdotally to improve patient perception of pain, although the effect does not differ significantly from observation alone [76–78]. RCT data of vitamin E added to multimodal therapy including other oral anti-inflammatory supplements (i.e. blueberries, propolis) and medications (i.e. diclofenac) and intralesional medications (i.e. verapamil) prevented plaque expansion, significantly improved curvature, and erectile function [68]. Vitamin E and colchicine in combination also has shown promise, as previously discussed [75]. Standard dosing is 400 IU one to two times daily, may provide added benefit when combined with more invasive therapies, and possibly provide a psychological benefit to patients with minimal cost and toxicity. In spite of this we do not recommend use of vitamin E due to absence of data to show reduction of deformity.
The Potential Physiological Role of γ-Tocopherol in Human Health: A Qualitative Review
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Mika D. Thompson, Robert V. Cooney
Tocopherols are lipid-soluble compounds that consist of a chromanol ring and a 16 carbon, phytyl side chain with a varying number of methyl groups on the chromanol ring. Based on the methylation of the chromanol ring, tocopherols are designated as α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol (Figure 1). For example, γ-tocopherol is dimethylated at the 7- and 8-positions, whereas α-tocopherol is trimethylated at the 5-, 7-, and 8-positions, along the chromanol ring. Naturally occurring tocopherols have three chiral centers in the RRR configuration at the 2, 4, and 8 positions. Tocopherols are typically found in the lipid fractions of seeds and nuts and oils. To the best of our knowledge, there is no up-to-date description of the contemporary γ-tocopherol content of the American diet; however, in the 1970’s, the American diet, relying heavily on corn and soybean oils, has been described as especially high in γ-tocopherol (86). Assuming no decreased intake since the 1970’s means that γ-tocopherol may still constitute the majority of the tocopherols consumed (87). Additionally, walnuts, peanuts, and sesame seeds, along with their oils, are also significant sources of γ-tocopherol in the diet (88).