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Folk medicine of the Qing and Republican periods
Published in Vivienne Lo, Michael Stanley-Baker, Dolly Yang, Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine, 2022
Ute Engelhardt (2001: 173) has noted the lack of differentiation between foodstuffs and medicinal drugs in the Mawangdui manuscripts and has identified the emergence of a distinction between drug and dietary therapy in Tang dynasty medical literature. The fact that there is not one specialised manuscript on dietetics in the Berlin collection indicates that such ‘literati dietetics’ was not part of folk medicine. In the 1960s, the Andersons still observed that ‘food graded into medicine and medicine graded into food’ in Chinese folk practice, and diet and medicine were closely interconnected (Anderson and Anderson 1975: 154). Thus, in addition to proper therapeutic food recipes (MS 8148), we find recipes that could qualify as dietetic ones in various medical recipe manuscripts. MS 8051 lists preparations with candle wax to treat hunger and therapeutic food recipes such as soup of pork belly and toad, carp stuffed with salt and medicinals to be eaten with gruel, or chives boiled in pig’s blood side by side with pharmaceutical recipes. At the same time, medical recipes are often flanked with dietary recommendations and prohibitions. The origins of these instructions may be traced back to notions about magical correspondences (Engelhardt 2001: 183) or the thermic qualities of foodstuffs (Anderson and Anderson 1975: 144–8; Zhang 1989: 149–57), but some, like the prohibition of salt in cases of abdominal drum-distension (guzhang 鼓脹), were apparently based on practical observation rather than theory.
General assessment of children and young people
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Sylvia Garry, Joia de Sa, Emma Sherwood, Sarah May Johnson, Amy Potter, Jess Atkinson
A child older than six months who is acutely malnourished should be given an appetite test with ready-to-use therapeutic food packets (RUTF). If they are hungry and feeding well, and have no complications, they can be managed in the community with nutritional support and regular monitoring.15,17 Monitoring is essential to ensure regular weight gain, appropriate food intake, and check for any complications or difficulties. Breastfeeding should be continued and fluid intake encouraged. Referral into nutrition programmes is best practice to ensure regular nutritional support with appropriate RUTF, emotional and educational support for the child, as well as social support and nutrition education for the family. Distributing RUTF is not a long-term solution for undernutrition, and the wider causes must be addressed. Ensuring continuity of care is a challenge for people in transit, and families should be encouraged to stay in one place to ensure access to nutritional support and improvement of the child’s clinical status.
Linking Food Supplementation and Palliative Care in HIV
Published in Victor R. Preedy, Handbook of Nutrition and Diet in Palliative Care, 2019
A therapeutic food is a specially formulated dietary supplement aimed at providing nutritional benefit to the user. Therapeutic foods are traditionally developed for the treatment of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) (USAID 2016).
The Burden of Malnutrition in Childhood Cancer in Malawi – Risk Regardless of Age
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Minke H. W. Huibers, Geoffrey Manda, Allison Silverstein, Watipaso Wanda, Idah Mtete, Samuel Makuti, Kate D. Westmoreland, Parth Mehta, Nmazuo W. Ozuah
In LMICs, children under 5 years are at higher risk for malnutrition and have an increased mortality risk from treatable causes such as pneumonia and malaria (40). Hence, national and international nutrition guidelines, based on WHO recommendations, for children in LMIC primarily focus on nutritional interventions for children under the age of 5 (24–26, 28). Notably, in our cohort, there was a higher proportion of acute malnutrition in children older than 5 years. This was of great significance as these children are not prioritized in malnutrition guidelines in many LMICs and thefore nutrition support can not always been given. Secondly, guidelines include products such as F75, F100 and Ready-to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF). These products are developed for children < 5 years of age in LMIC’s and might not be suitable for older children, as for example big amounts of F75,100 or RUTF need to be taken to adres an adequate nutritional and calorical intake. This observation necessitates advocacy for the incorporation of a robust nutritional assessment and intervention scheme in national health guidelines for pediatric oncology programs, regardless of a child’s age. Arguably, the same protections should be extended to older children with other chronic illnesses besides cancer, who are similarly at risk for malnutrition.
Dietary intake and menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women: a systematic review
Published in Climacteric, 2021
P. R. E. S. Noll, C. A. S. Campos, C. Leone, J. Zangirolami-Raimundo, M. Noll, E. C. Baracat, J. M. Soares Júnior, I. C. E. Sorpreso
Most existing studies regarding food consumption and menopausal symptoms focused on a specific nutrient and/or food. One of the most studied was soy or its derivatives, such as equol39. Soybeans have been studied for their potential to reduce menopausal symptoms, including discussions on phytoestrogen supplements40 as an alternative to hormone therapy12,41. In this review study, the focus was not on potentially therapeutic food supplementation, but on eating habits42. Traditional epidemiological analyses of nutrition assess changes in single or specific groups of nutrients and/or foods43. These analyses have some limitations, such as disregarding the fact that people do not eat nutrients alone but eat complex food combinations that interact with each other and have synergistic effects, making it difficult to separate individual actions. Moreover, a certain effect of a nutrient may not be as significant as that of dietary patterns43.
Restitution of gut microbiota in Ugandan children administered with probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12) during treatment for severe acute malnutrition
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Josué L. Castro-Mejía, Sinéad O’Ferrall, Łukasz Krych, Elaine O’Mahony, Hanifa Namusoke, Betty Lanyero, Witold Kot, Nicolette Nabukeera-Barungi, Kim Fleischer Michaelsen, Christian Mølgaard, Henrik Friis, Benedikte Grenov, Dennis S. Nielsen
Malnutrition seems to be associated with reduced GM diversity and maturity as determined by metagenomics and culturomics approaches.3–5,7–9 In Bangladesh, a birth cohort of children from urban slum was followed until 2 years of age with frequent analyses of GM composition.4 Based on age-discriminatory bacterial taxa microbiota maturity scores were developed. Children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) showed significant GM immaturity compared to well-nourished peers. Nutritional interventions, including Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF), only partially and temporarily improved the GM maturity. Using the same GM maturity models on samples from other Bangladeshi children, reduced maturity was found in stool samples during and 1 month after diarrhea episodes.4 Findings of reduced GM maturity or diversity in malnourished children, and temporary improvement of GM during RUTF treatment has also been observed in Malawian children.3 In Uganda, a cross-sectional study found differences in the GM composition of children with non-edematous and edematous SAM and reported lower numbers of observed species in the GM of children with non-edematous compared to edematous SAM.10