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Chemosensory Influences on Eating and Drinking, and Their Cognitive Mediation
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Our tongues have receptors for the commonest amino acid, glutamic acid (with one of its acid groups ionized), as well as receptors for salt, sugar, acids, and a wide variety of poisons in plants. This finding has added some strength to the proposal that there is a fifth “basic taste.” Hitherto that idea rested mainly on the ease with which the taste of MSG could be distinguished from the tastes of non-amino carboxylic acids, sugars, and bitter substances. However, all sorts of mixtures are readily distinguished from each other and from their components. If as much effort for MSG as for the tastes of seafood delicacies were put into trial-and-error matching of a natural taste mixture to an artificial mixture (Fuke and Konosu 1991), a taste indistinguishable from MSG could very likely be created. In any case, it is now clear that a theoretically appropriate approach enables matching mixtures to be interpolated from analyses of data from a single set of appropriately designed samples.
Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Other major constituents of the cell wall are hemicellulose and pectin. Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides that contain, in addition to D-glucose, other carbohydrates such as D-mannose, D-galactose, D-fucose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose. Pectin is a mixture of polymers from sugar acids, such as D-galacturonic acid (6).
Introduction and Review of Biological Background
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Several texts review the chemistry and biology of glycosaminoglycans. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, are the predominant feature of PGs. GAGs are long-chain polymers of repeating disaccharide units. Except for hyaluronan (HA), GAGs are sulfated, and so possess a very high negative charge density. These charges serve to repel neighboring GAG chains, when bound to PG subunits, causing a space-filling function. The attraction of water to GAGs gives compressive and load-bearing effects to PGs and cartilage. There are six major types of distinct GAGs, identifiable by the difference in sugar residues in the repeating disaccharide subunit. Table 1 lists the major GAGs and their sugar components. It can be seen that each repeating GAG subunit is comprised of an aminosugar (glucosamine or galactosamine to which sulfates are attached) and a sugar or sugar acid. Each subunit is repeated from several dozen to several hundred times per GAG chain, depending upon the type and tissue location.
Rural environment reduces allergic inflammation by modulating the gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Zhaowei Yang, Zhong Chen, Xinliu Lin, Siyang Yao, Mo Xian, Xiaoping Ning, Wanyi Fu, Mei Jiang, Naijian Li, Xiaojun Xiao, Mulin Feng, Zexuan Lian, Wenqing Yang, Xia Ren, Zhenyu Zheng, Jiefeng Zhao, Nili Wei, Wenju Lu, Marjut Roponen, Bianca Schaub, Gary W. K. Wong, Zhong Su, Charles Wang, Jing Li
Additionally, we randomly selected 65 participants with their stool DNA samples for shotgun metagenomic sequencing as part of the case-control study (Figure 1a). These 65 participants had clinical characteristics comparable to those of the case-control study participants (Table S3). Our MaAsLin2 analysis identified 14 microbial MetaCyc pathways associated with urban-rural status and nine MetaCyc pathways associated with allergy after adjustment for age, gender, and BMI (Figure 3). Metabolic pathways common in the urban group included GDP-mannose biosynthesis, a key substrate for glycoprotein formation, as well as tricarboxylic acid cycle and thiamine diphosphate (also known as vitamin B1) biosynthesis for energy generation and metabolism (Figure 3a-c). In addition, homolactic fermentation pathway, whose product is L-lactate, was positively associated with allergy; whereas the pathways of sugar acid degradation (PWY-6507, PWY-7242, GLUCUROCAT-PWY, and GALACT-GLUCUROCAT-PWY) and lipopolysaccharide component O-antigen biosynthesis (PWY-7323, PWY-7312, and PWY-5659, (Figure 3d-f), Table S4) were abundant in the microbiota of control participants.
The clinical impact of maternal weight on offspring health: lights and shadows in breast milk metabolome
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Flaminia Bardanzellu, Melania Puddu, Diego Giampietro Peroni, Vassilios Fanos
As for OW-OB, most metabolites found altered in the OW-OB BM compared to the lean ones could promote this condition in the long run: they belong to the class of oligosaccharides (reduction of Lacto-N-fucopentaose I, increase of Lacto-N-fucopentaose II), fatty acids (increase of SFAs and n-6 PUFAs, reduction of n-3/n-6 PUFAs, of essential FAs, MUFAs and PAHSA), amino acid derivatives (reduction of kynurenic acid), purine (increase of adenine), alcohol-sugar (increase of erythritol), sugar acids (increase of isothreonic acid), polyamines (reduction), shikimic acid (increase). Conversely, only a few metabolites potentially altered in BM of OW-OB mothers could exert a positive role on neonatal weight gain; they belong to the class of oligosaccharides (reduction of 2ʹ-Fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-hexaose) and monosaccharides (increase of mannose) and, for these metabolites, some protection against overweight was demonstrated in the offspring, long after birth.
Lactose-reduced infant formula with added corn syrup solids is associated with a distinct gut microbiota in Hispanic infants
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Roshonda B. Jones, Paige K. Berger, Jasmine F. Plows, Tanya L. Alderete, Joshua Millstein, Jennifer Fogel, Stanislav N. Iablokov, Dmitry A. Rodionov, Andrei L. Osterman, Lars Bode, Michael I. Goran
Functional gene assignments and metabolic reconstructions were performed using the SEED database and Web tools that allow subsystem-based analysis of ~6,000 bacterial genomes, including a subset of 2,660 reference human gut microbial genomes representing 690 species.36 The collection of curated metabolic subsystems includes (i) biosynthesis of essential nutrients (vitamins, amino acids), (ii) uptake and fermentation of carbohydrates including mono-, oligo-saccharides, sugar acids and alcohols, (iii) degradation of amino acids, and (iv) production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Details on how 16S rRNA sequence reads were used to determine metabolic phenotypes from the metabolic reconstruction can be found in the Supplemental Methods. For each phenotype, we obtained a Community Phenotype Index (CPI) which represent a fractional representation (on a scale 0–100%) of microbial cells with a metabolic phenotype.