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Parenteral Nutrition Components, Admixture and Administration
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
Soybean oil is a mixture of mainly unsaturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid is the most predominant (44%–62%), followed by oleic (19%–30%), palmitic (7%–14%), linolenic (4%–11%) and stearic (1.4%–5.6%) acids. Safflower oil is higher in linoleic acid (77%). Olive oil is mostly comprised of oleic acid (85%). It has a small amount of linoleic acid (4%) and saturated fatty acids (11%). Coconut oil is 65% MCTs. Please see Table 11.6 for more detail on lipid components in oils used for IVFEs.
Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Soybean oil is the most widely used oil in the world because soybeans are a commonly produced agricultural crop. Soybean oil comprises approximately 60% polyunsaturates (primarily linoleic acid, an omega-6, and also relatively high amounts of alpha-linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid), 20% monounsaturates, and 15% saturates. It also contains some minor components, such as gamma-tocopherol (vitamin E) and phytosterols (273). About 95% of the soybean oil produced worldwide is used in food applications such as the production of margarine and cooking oils and the preparation of salad. Health benefits of soybean oil are still not evident. A clinical study found that soybean germ oil reduced serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or bad cholesterol, compared with a control group using safflower oil (273). Soybean, soybean oil, fish, and seaweed are the main components of the Japanese diet.
Care of the Premature and Ill Neonate
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Ting Ting Fu, Kera McNelis, Carrie Smith, Jae H. Kim
The type of lipid emulsion should be considered as well (Chapter 9). Soybean oil emulsions, which contain both omega-6 (linoleic acid) and omega-3 (-linolenic acid) fatty acids, have been used traditionally, but metabolites of linoleic acid may induce inflammation and toxic effects. Fish oil-containing emulsions such as SMOFlipid® (soy, medium-chain triglycerides, olive, and fish oils) and Omegaven® contain predominantly omega-3 fatty acids, which may be more hepatoprotective. Smaller studies have shown reduced cholestasis when fish oil-containing emulsions are used preemptively, but this has not been demonstrated by larger studies. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support its routine use to prevent or reduce neonatal morbidities. Omegaven is typically reserved for patients with liver compromise.
Preparation and in vivo evaluation of an intravenous emulsion loaded with an aprepitant-phospholipid complex
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Yan Li, Hong Yin, Chensi Wu, Jia He, Chunyan Wang, Bo Ren, Heping Wang, Dandan Geng, Yirong Zhang, Ligang Zhao
Lipid emulsion systems are inherently unstable, various unstable processes often occur during storage (Chu et al., 2012). Therefore, the investigation of long-term stability of APT-IE is necessary, which can guarantee the effectiveness and safety of the formulation. The long-term stability of APT-IE was carried out at 25 ± 2 °C and 4 ± 2 °C for 6 months, and the results were shown in Table 3. No significant changes of each parameter were found at 4 ± 2 °C for 6 months. However, the pH value and content of the samples decreased significantly after storage at 25 ± 2 °C for 6 months, this result happened possibly due to the oxidation and hydrolysis of phospholipids caused the leak of APT (Mozuraityte et al., 2006). Moreover, soybean oil also could be slowly oxidized to produce free fatty acids. Hence, the APT-IE can storage stable at 4 ± 2 °C for at least 6 months and the long-term stability study is still in progress.
Delivery method matters: omega-3 supplementation by restricted feeding period and oral gavage has a distinct impact on corticosterone secretion and anxious behavior in adolescent rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Julie Raymond, Alexandre Morin, Hélène Plamondon
Upon arrival, rats were given 5 days of acclimation prior to the start of the experiment. At PND28, rats were divided into two groups according, oral gavage or time-restricted feeding. Dietary supplementation (via oral gavage or restricted diet) started at the PND28 and continued daily until PND47, which consists of a 21-day supplementation. Rats were daily fed between 7:30 and 9:30 am. Three oil supplements were compared (1) Soybean oil (CSO), a non-hydrogenated omega-6 rich supplement a 7.4/1 n-6/n-3 ratio, (2) Fish oil from menhaden (FO), a omega-3 rich supplement (Sigma-Aldrich; 20.0–31.0% omega-3 fatty acids content; Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA – 10–15%)/Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA 8–15%) or 3) hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF), a high-fat supplement containing 18% saturated and 0% trans fat. On experimental DAY24 (PND50), daily handled ad libitum fed rats from all groups underwent behavioral testing (OFT and EPM) to measure anxiety-like behavior. Rodents’ brains were collected on DAY28 (see Figure 1 for the timeline of the study).
Topical delivery of pluronic F127/TPGS mixed micelles-based hydrogel loaded with glycyrrhizic acid for atopic dermatitis treatment
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Chengying Shen, Baode Shen, Junjun Zhu, Hailong Yuan, Jianxin Hu
Glycyrrhizic acid (purity >98%) was obtained from Beijing Century Aoke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Pluronic F127 (F127, molecular weight: 11,500 ± 1000 D) was provided from Beijing Zhongsheng Ruitai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). d-a-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Carbopol 940 was obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Propylene glycol (PG) and triethanolamine were purchased from Shanghai Yien Chemistry Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was obtained from Shanghai Anaiji Chemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Soybean oil was obtained from Zhejiang Tianyushan Medicinal Oil Co., Ltd. (Zhejiang, China). Acetone was purchased from Beijing Yili Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). All other chemicals and solvents were analytical grade, expect methanol and acetonitrile, which were HPLC grade.