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Chemical Modulation of Topical and Transdermal Permeation
Published in Marc B. Brown, Adrian C. Williams, The Art and Science of Dermal Formulation Development, 2019
Marc B. Brown, Adrian C. Williams
However, there have been impressive attempts made to screen relatively large libraries of enhancer combinations. For example, an IN-vitro Skin Impedance-Guided High-Throughput (INSIGHT) screening method was used to assess the potency of penetration enhancer mixtures in an array format (Karande et al., 2004). Using electrical conductivity across the skin as a surrogate measure of skin permeability, the method allowed a library of over 5000 penetration enhancer mixtures to be screened. Interestingly, of these, only ~2% were shown to act synergistically. Positive hits from the screen were then validated by skin permeation experiments using Franz diffusion cells. It was notable that two of the most potent enhancer combinations were sodium lauryl ether sulphate with 1-phenylpiperazine, and n-lauroyl sarcosine with sorbitan monolaurate (Karande et al., 2007). Other than the piperazine, the other three enhancers are surfactants and are not widely regarded as potent enhancers on their own.
Glycerine in Oral Care Products
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
A typical base formula for an antimicrobial mouthwash consists of an aqueous solution of ethyl alcohol (12–30%), flavor stabilizer such as polyoxyethylene-20 sorbitan monolaurate, an antimicrobial agent (0.05–0.1%), flavor oils, buffers, and colorants. Antitartar and fluoride actives can be added to this base directly without major changes because of the large quantity of water present and the lack of influence of glycerine on the solubility of active agents at the glycerine concentrations used.
Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Tapash K. Ghosh, Dermal Drug Delivery, 2020
Kenneth A. Walters, Majella E. Lane
In the mid-2000s, several reports on the skin permeation of sumatriptan and the effects of skin penetration enhancement strategies were reported. Pretreatment of porcine skin with ethanol, polyethylene glycol 600, sorbitan monolaurate, oleic acid, and terpenes limonene and 1,8-cineole produced an increase in sumatriptan flux (Femenía-Font et al., 2005a). The authors then went on to compare these results to data obtained using human skin and established that a linear relationship of flux through porcine and human skin although the flux through pig skin was double that through human skin (Femenía-Font et al., 2006a). It was found that a combination of chemical enhancement using 1-dodecyl-azacycloheptan-2-one (Azone, laurocapram) and iontophoresis (Femenía-Font et al., 2005b) was the most effective strategy to enhance transdermal absorption of sumatriptan through human skin in vitro. Further experiments aimed at developing a bioadhesive film containing sumatriptan demonstrated that diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol) and 2-pyrrolidone decreased sumatriptan permeation when they were included in a film. Rendering the film occlusive was found to increase skin permeation (Femenía-Font et al., 2006b). This team achieved greater success with a sumatriptan succinate transdermal delivery system comprising (a) methylcellulose and propylene glycol (as a plasticiser), (b) polyvinyl pyrrolidone and sorbitol, and (c) polyvinyl pyrrolidone-polyvinyl alcohol plus sorbitol. All systems contained 5% Azone and methacrylate copolymer was used as an adhesive. The films were applied to an occlusive backing membrane. When evaluated on pig ear skin the methylcellulose film provided the greatest flux and this was further increased by iontophoresis (Balaguer-Fernández et al., 2008).
Photoprotective effect of solid lipid nanoparticles of rutin against UVB radiation damage on skin biopsies and tissue-engineered skin
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Rodrigo Molina Martins, Silvia de Siqueira Martins, Gustavo Luis Ferreira Barbosa, Maria José Vieira Fonseca, Patrick J. Rochette, Véronique J. Moulin, Luis Alexandre Pedro de Freitas
Chemicals and reagents were obtained from the following commercial sources: Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s médium (DMEM)-Ham’s F12, foetal bovine serum, bovine insulin, and choleric toxin were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). The Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) Protein Assay Reagent Kit was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). Antibody for the active form of caspase-3 was purchased from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, USA), and goat anti-Rabbit IgG secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor 488, and Hoechst 33258 were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA), and anti-CPD was purchased from CosmoBio (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The SensoLyte 520 Generic MMP Assay Kit-Fluorimetric was purchased from AnaSpec (San Jose, CA, USA). The phosphatidylcholine and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 80) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The beeswax and carnauba wax were purchased from Henrifarma (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Hostacerin SAF, propylene glycol, and macadamia oil were supplied from PharmaSpecial Ltd. (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). The phenova was obtained from Mapric Ltd. (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). The dimethylsulphoxide, rutin, and isopropyl palmitate were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade solvents were supplied by JT Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA).
Oral microemulsion based delivery system for reducing reproductive and kidney toxicity of Tripterygium glycosides
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Jiemin Wang, Chuanbang Wang, Junyong Wu, Yongjiang Li, Xiongbin Hu, Jing Wen, Jiaxin Cai, Shilin Luo, Xinyi Liu, Daxiong Xiang
Potassium hydrate, ethanol, 1,2-propanediol, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical reagent Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (CCT) and Labrasol were purchased from Gattefossé (Shanghai, China) Trading Co., Ltd. polyethoxylated castor oil (Kolliphor® EL) and Polyoxyl castor oil (Kolliphor® RH40) were purchased from Shanghai Yunhong Pharmaceutical Excipients and Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). TG raw powder were purchased from Qianjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Zhuzhou, China). Soybean oil was purchased from Guangzhou Hanfang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Guangzhou, China). Ethyl oleate was purchased from Shanghai Feixiang Chemical Factory (Shanghai, China). Polyethylene glycol sorbitanmonooleate (tween-80) was purchased from Wenzhou Qingming Chemical Co., Ltd (Wenzhou, China). Sorbitan monolaurate (span-20) was purchased from Nantong Fengyuan Chemical Co., Ltd (Nantong, China). Carbinol and ethanol were purchased from American TEDIA Trading co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). 3, 5-dinitrotoluene was purchased from Shanghai Baoman Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Distilled water was produced by the Pharmaceutical Preparation Room of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (Hunan, China).
A Marine Carotenoid of Fucoxanthinol Accelerates the Growth of Human Pancreatic Cancer PANC-1 Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Masaru Terasaki, Shouta Takahashi, Ryuta Nishimura, Atsuhito Kubota, Hiroyuki Kojima, Tohru Ohta, Junichi Hamada, Yasuhiro Kuramitsu, Hayato Maeda, Kazuo Miyashita, Mami Takahashi, Michihiro Mutoh
FxOH-treated cells were collected, lysed, and protein concentrations were measured by the Bradford assay. Cell proteins (10 μg) were subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel (10%) electrophoresis and then transferred to Hybond PVDF membranes (Amersham Bioscience, Giles, UK). After blocking with Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1% polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate with 1% BSA (1% BSA/TBS-T) at room temperature for 1 h, membranes were incubated with each primary antibody in 1% BSA/TBS-T at 4 °C overnight. Membranes were then incubated with a HRP-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit secondary antibody in 1% BSA/TBS-T at room temperature for 1 h. Protein bands were visualized using chemiluminescence reagents (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).