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Contact allergy to and allergic contact dermatitis from fragrances: a brief review
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
When patients allergic to FM I are (concurrently or later) tested with the 8 ingredients (‘breakdown testing’), on average 1/3 of the patients does not react to any ingredient. Possible explanations include: 1. false-positive (irritant) reactions to the mix; 2. false-negative reactions to the individual constituents. In most studies, these have been tested at 1% in petrolatum, which is the same as in the mix. That the FM does react despite having the same concentration as the constituents that are negative separately may be related to: a. enhancement of elicitation of contact allergic reactions by allergen mixtures (32) or irritants; b. increased skin penetration caused by the (combined) irritancy of other constituents of the mix including sorbitan sesquioleate; or c. the formation of new allergens in the mix (compound allergy). No evidence for this latter scenario is as yet available. As the emulsifier sorbitan sesquioleate (SSO) may cause contact allergic reactions in up to 5–10% of patients tested with the FM I (and can wrongly be interpreted as fragrance allergy), SSO needs always to be tested separately when breakdown testing is performed (33). Addition of SSO to the baseline series would be preferable. Of the ingredients of the FM I, oakmoss absolute is the most frequent sensitizer, followed by isoeugenol, with geraniol and amyl cinnamal by far causing positive reactions the least frequently.
Exploring Potential of Nanocarriers for Therapy of Mycotic Keratitis
Published in Mahendra Rai, Marcelo Luís Occhiutto, Mycotic Keratitis, 2019
Mrunali R. Patel, Rashmin B. Patel, Anuj J. Patel
Fluconazole was also incorporated into suitable non-phospholipid based elastic vesicular system (Spanlastics) by Kaur and his co-workers (2012) to enhance the bioavailability. The prepared sorbitan (spans)-based elastic (spanlastic vesicles) novel vesicular systems were found to be safe for topical use in a 3-tier safety evaluation (genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and acute and chronic toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines); although the in-vivo performance of these prepared vesicles was not investigated. Niosome is another non-phospholipid based vesicular system which has gained popularity in ocular drug research (Paul et al. 2010, Maiti et al. 2011). Paradkar and Parmar (2017) also investigated the potential of niosomal in situ gel for ophthalmic delivery in the treatment of mycotic keratitis. It increased the corneal residence time and exhibited drug release upto 24 hours with greater transcorneal permeation across goat cornea. The physical stability of niosomes can be enhanced by formulating liquid crystalline vesicular structures, proniosomes, from non-ionic surfactants having the capability to entrap both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. The ocular bioavailability of ketoconazole was effectively increased by entrapping it in mucoadhesive proniosomal gel which exhibited elevated levels of the drug in cornea and aqueous humor of albino rats with absence of redness, inflammation or increased tear production over a period of 24 hours (Abdelbary et al. 2017).
Hands
Published in Robin Lewallen, Adele Clark, Steven R. Feldman, Clinical Handbook of Contact Dermatitis, 2014
Michael P. Sheehan, Monica Huynh, Michael Chung, Matthew Zirwas, Steven R. Feldman
Contact dermatitis medicamentosa is also important to consider in the evaluation of hand dermatitis. Many cases of hand dermatitis likely begin as xerosis or in adults with atopic dermatitis manifesting as chronic hand dermatitis. This endogenous barrier disruption then sets the stage for hand dermatitis, which becomes secondarily driven by allergic contact dermatitis to the agents utilized for treatment. In these cases there are more patients who demonstrate palmar (Figure 7.7) or diffuse involvement than seen with glove dermatitis. Both over-the-counter and prescription products need to be considered. Bacitracin is a classic example of this.3 Its use is often seen in the healthcare field and it is also widely applied by patients owing to its availability without prescription. Propylene glycol is another important allergen to consider. It is found in many topical medicaments and is the most common allergen in topical corticosteroid products. It causes both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Sorbitan sesquioleate, thiazolinones, lanolin, and formaldehyde-releasing preservatives are other common allergens found in topical corticosteroid vehicles.1
An examination of carbopol hydrogel/organogel bigels of thymoquinone prepared by microwave irradiation method
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Evren Algin Yapar, Sakine Tuncay Tanriverdi, Gulsen Aybar Tural, Zinar Pınar Gümüş, Ezgi Turunç, Evren Homan Gokce
Bigels were characterized with different techniques aiming at investigating the material microstructure and the mutual position of the structured phases [31]. Rheological methods were used by Behera et al. [32], Satapathy et al. [33], and Singh et al. [34]. Behera et al. [32] prepared bigels by conventional heating varying the concentrations of PVA and PVP solutions. Sorbitan monopalmitate was dissolved in sun flower oil at 50 °C to form a clear mixture of oil and gelator. Similar to this study, the results of the current study revealed that the viscosity of the bigels increased with the increasing polymer ratio and exhibited a shear – thinning phenomena. Satapathy et al. [33] prepared bigels with sesame oil, tween 80, gelatin, and glutaraldehyde with conventional heating method. Similar to data determined by the mentioned study, bigel formulations prepared were also intact, and not completely deformed.
Formulation and evaluation of niosomal vesicles containing ondansetron HCL for trans-mucosal nasal drug delivery
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Mahmoud H. Teaima, Ahmed M. El Mohamady, Mohamed A. El-Nabarawi, Amir I. Mohamed
Potassium hydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, polysorbate (Tween 80, Tween 20), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were purchased from El Nasr Pharmaceutical Chemicals Co., Cairo, Egypt. Sorbitan monostearate (Span 60, Span 80) and cholesterol were purchased from Loba Chemie, Mumbai, India. Ondansetron HCl was purchased from BMR Pharma & Chemicals, Hyderabad, India. Diethyl ether and 1-propane were purchased from Honeywell Riedel-de-Haën, Seelze, Germany. Poloxamer 407 purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Acetonitrile and methanol (HPLC grade) were purchased from Fisher Chemicals, Geel, Belgium. SERVA Visking® Dialysis Tubing molecular weight cutoff 12,000–14,000 pore diameter 25 A° (SERVA Electrophoresis, Uetersen, Germany). Commercial product Zofran (4 mg) tablets were purchased from GSK, Egypt. Male New Zealand white rabbits were purchased from animal house (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt).
Oral microemulsion based delivery system for reducing reproductive and kidney toxicity of Tripterygium glycosides
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Jiemin Wang, Chuanbang Wang, Junyong Wu, Yongjiang Li, Xiongbin Hu, Jing Wen, Jiaxin Cai, Shilin Luo, Xinyi Liu, Daxiong Xiang
Potassium hydrate, ethanol, 1,2-propanediol, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical reagent Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride (CCT) and Labrasol were purchased from Gattefossé (Shanghai, China) Trading Co., Ltd. polyethoxylated castor oil (Kolliphor® EL) and Polyoxyl castor oil (Kolliphor® RH40) were purchased from Shanghai Yunhong Pharmaceutical Excipients and Technology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). TG raw powder were purchased from Qianjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Zhuzhou, China). Soybean oil was purchased from Guangzhou Hanfang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd (Guangzhou, China). Ethyl oleate was purchased from Shanghai Feixiang Chemical Factory (Shanghai, China). Polyethylene glycol sorbitanmonooleate (tween-80) was purchased from Wenzhou Qingming Chemical Co., Ltd (Wenzhou, China). Sorbitan monolaurate (span-20) was purchased from Nantong Fengyuan Chemical Co., Ltd (Nantong, China). Carbinol and ethanol were purchased from American TEDIA Trading co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). 3, 5-dinitrotoluene was purchased from Shanghai Baoman Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Distilled water was produced by the Pharmaceutical Preparation Room of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (Hunan, China).