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Summation of Basic Endocrine Data
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
Sodium ion excretion is one of its major effects. It does not affect sodium transport mechanisms across cell membranes. It stimulates guanylase cyclase activity, particularly in kidney glomeruli. This enzyme helps form guanosine monophosphate (GMP), a second messenger that inhibits smooth muscle contraction. The inhibition involves changing the degree of phosphorylation of several enzymes. Intracellular calcium ion concentration is reduced.
Release of Nickel Ion from the Metal and Its Alloys as Cause of Nickel Allergy
Published in Jurij J. Hostýnek, Howard I. Maibach, Nickel and the Skin, 2019
Jurij J. Hostýnek, Katherine E. Reagan, Howard I. Maibach
Definition and thereby reconstitution of human sweat in absolute terms is not feasible because of variability in its composition and pH. Gender differences are marked, and fluctuations occur due to environmental as well as subjective, endocrine factors. Most striking are changes in composition due to the rate of sweat secretion. Sodium and chloride content, one decisive factor in the corrosivity of sweat, is low under quiescent conditions due to the reabsorption (conservation) mechanism before sweat reaches the ostium of the sweat duct (Cage and Dobson, 1965). Sodium ion level can be as low as 1.7 meq/1 and chloride ion 2.8 meq/1 (Grice et al., 1975). As sweating rate increases, that control mechanism is overwhelmed and the salt concentration can rise, approximating or even exceeding that in plasma (Guyton, 1991).
Adipose Tissue as an Important Body Organ
Published in Roy J. Shephard, Obesity: A Kinesiologist’s Perspective, 2018
Angiotensinogen. Adipose tissue contains all components of the renin-angiotensin system. Angiotensin receptors can up-regulate adipose tissue lipogenesis (AT2) and down-regulate lipolysis (AT1). An increased adipocyte production of angiotensinogen can contribute to metabolic and inflammatory disorders [90]. It also leads to a rise in systemic blood pressure and aldosterone-mediated electrolyte regulation (conservation of sodium ions and water, with a further rise in blood pressure).
Role of alginate in the mechanism by which brown seaweed Saccharina japonica intake alleviates an increase in blood pressure in 2-kidney, 1-clip renovascular hypertensive rats
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2022
Saki Maruyama, Yukiko Segawa, Hiroko Hashimoto, Saori Kitamura, Mariko Kimura, Tomoko Osera, Nobutaka Kurihara
Several studies indicated that Alg intake increased fecal sodium excretion and decreased BP in hypertensive rat models, suggesting that Alg adsorbs sodium ion in the gastrointestinal tract and inhibits the uptake of dietary sodium in the body (28,35,46). A study has reported that a diet with 7.0% Laminaria digitata, which belongs to the same genus of seaweed as SJ, increased fecal sodium excretion in Wistar rats fed a 2.0% cholesterol-enriched diet (54). In the present study, SJ intake significantly increased fecal sodium excretion and suppressed BP increase in 2K1C rats fed a high-salt diet (Figure 6). The excretion of sodium ions in feces might be involved not only in the mechanism of the effect of chronic Alg intake in hypertension alleviation but also in the mechanism of the effects of the intake of SJ containing Alg. In this study, nevertheless, the amount of sodium ion excreted in feces was about one-sixtieth compared with the amount of sodium excreted in urine (Figure 6c,d). These findings indicated that the contribution of sodium excretion through feces by SJ was very limited in reducing sodium absorption into the whole body. These mean that an increase in fecal sodium excretion by Alg may not be the major mechanism by which SJ intake attenuates hypertension in 2K1C rats. This finding provides new evidence against the previous theory that an intake of Alg contained in seaweed significantly suppresses BP increase or prevents hypertension via excreting salt into feces by absorbing salt to Alg in intestine.
Effects of modulation on sodium and potassium channel currents by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields stimulation on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2021
Yu Zheng, Pei Xia, Lei Dong, Lei Tian, Chan Xiong
To further observe the effect of ELF-EMFs stimulation on the current characteristics of INa, sodium currents were determined by hyperpolarizing neurons to −120 mV for 500 ms. Then a series of 20 ms voltage pulses were introduced to depolarize the neurons from −80 to 0 mV in 10 mV increments. The activation curves were fitted to Boltzmann equations 1/2 is the membrane potential at half activation and k is the slope factor (activation velocity). The parameters for fitting results are shown in (Table 2). When compared with the control group the V1/2 of the ELF-EMFs stimulation group decreased whereas the k value increased. The dose effect is more significant than the duration effect, and 50 Hz/0.5 mT showed the strongest effect on V1/2 and k at different exposure time. The conversion frequency of the channel is large, which promotes the activation of sodium ion channel. Magnetic field frequency mainly affects V1/2, and the trend of V1/2 under the same frequency is identical.
Biodielectric phenomenon for actively differentiating malignant and normal cells: An overview
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2020
The primary focus of this paper is to introduce the correlation of numerous parametric measurements for the active classification of a lesion tissue. Electrical signatures such as membrane capacitance, electrical conductivity and dielectric measurement can be used individually or collaboratively with other variables to reduce the number of “false positive” diagnosis. Secondly, ionic concentration such as higher intracellular sodium ion concentration has been used throughout literature as an active indicator for cell undergoing mitogenesis. This is also one of the parameters that can significantly influence the transmembrane potential of a cell according to Goldman-Hodgkin- Katz equation. It also effects the polarizability of the cell which is correlated to both dielectric permittivity and transmembrane potential, since changes in polarizability affect the permittivity constant and membrane potential. Though a mathematical correlation is still not derived a qualitative analysis suggests an association, since both parameters are used in the active characterization of cell nature. The transmembrane potential is a vital parameter as discussed above, as it also influences the drug delivery procedure during secondary enhancement by electroporation. Hence, ion concentration is directly correlated to polarizability state which influences both tissue electrical parameters such as dielectric constant and also chemical properties such as transmembrane potential and membrane permeability.