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Hepatoprotective Marine Phytochemicals
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
BR Annapoorna, S Vasudevan, K Sindhu, V Vani, V Nivya, VP Venkateish, P Madan Kumar
Marine algae and diatoms are major sources of lipids and fatty acids, which have been explored for food supplements and various therapeutics. Marine microalgae such as Isochrysis, Tetraselmis, Chaetoceros, Thalassiosira, and Nannochloropsis are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA and EPA (Adarme-Vega et al. 2012). Several reports revealed that DHA- and EPA-induced apoptosis in cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. In HCC cells (Bel-7402), DHA induced caspase-dependent cell death through damage to the mitochondria, leading to decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and cell migration (Lee and Bae 2007; Sun et al. 2013). Omega fatty acids showed hepatoprotective effects against acute paracetamol-induced liver injury in Wistar rats (El-Gendy et al. 2021). Several studies have reported that phytosterols possess anticancer efficacy through induction of apoptosis in different cancer cells. Stigmasterol isolated from the marine diatom Navicula incerta exhibited anticancer effects in HepG2 cells through regulating apoptosis (Kim et al. 2014). Brown algae Sargassum carpophyllum, Turbinaria conoides, and derived sterol fucosterol also exhibited anticancer effects in different cancer cells (Sheu et al. 1999; Tang et al. 2002). Collectively, marine-derived lipids and fatty acids showed hepatoprotective and anticancer effects against HCC.
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Major sources of phytosterols include plant foods and their byproducts such as vegetable oils (rapeseed oil, olive oil, amaranth oil, wheat germ oil, soybean oil, etc.), cereals (oat, barley, rice, wheat germ, wheat bran, rice bran), fruits (avocado, olive, passion fruit, orange), vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, carrot, soybean, bean, algae, etc.), and grains (peanut, almond, flax seed, chia seed, etc.) (127, 129). Nuts and vegetable oils can contain more than 1% of phytosterols. Phytostanols (saturated sterols) occur in certain cereals (corn, wheat, rye, and rice), fruits, and vegetables, but their concentrations are much lower than those of unsaturated phytosterols (127). Oil and cereal refining processes lead to a loss of phytosterols. Phytosterols (PS) are natural components of human diets. The average daily intake of PS from natural sources is estimated to be between 150 and 440mg in Western countries (127, 129).
Title Optimization of the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Phytochemicals from Fenugreek Seeds
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Aleksandra Bogdanovic, Vanja Tadic, Slobodan Petrovic, Dejan Skala
In addition to diosgenin, a main abundant representative within steroidal sapogenins, other steroidal sapogenins detected in fenugreek, namely sarsapogenin, yamogenin, protodioscin, tigogenin, etc., revealed significant anticancer, hypocholesterolemic, and hypoglycemic activity, protective effects on the cardiovascular system with regulation of high blood pressure and antidepressant activities [Bhatia et al. 2006; Tong et al. 2012; Francis et al. 2002; Swaroop et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2017; Moon et al. 2012; Hostettmann and Marston 2005]. It has been revealed that fenugreek seed lipids represent one of the richest phytosterols sources compared to commodity oils and has higher content of cholesterol in total sterols [Ciftci et al. 2011; Philips et al. 2002]. Positive effects of phytosterols have been maintained through their ability to reduce plasma cholesterol levels in humans, concurrently exhibiting anticancer, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties [Ostlund et al. 2002; Jong et al. 2003; Sharma et al. 1990; Petit et al. 1995; Awad et al. 2003; Bouic et al. 2001]. The main reason in the increased number of studies and development of functional food with phytosterols is because of the growing interest in their beneficial effects on the decrease of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL).
Current strategies for managing intestinal failure-associated liver disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Jordan D Secor, Lumeng Yu, Savas Tsikis, Scott Fligor, Mark Puder, Kathleen M Gura
Phytosterols are structurally similar to cholesterol and found in plant cell membranes. They have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of IFALD [85]. Soybean oil and other vegetable oils are high in phytosterols, while fish oil is low. Normally less than 5% of phytosterols are absorbed in the gut and ultimately undergo biliary excretion [85]. In contrast, parenterally infused phytosterols in ILE are fully bioavailable and accumulate in the liver and inhibit bile acid transport [85]. Stigmasterol, one of the most primary phytosterols, inhibits farsenoid X receptor and downregulation of gene expression of bile acid transporters [86]. Phytosterol levels correlate with severity of IFALD. Reduction in SOLE administration decreases phytosterol levels and bilirubin [87]. Reducing phytosterol content in ILE depends upon the oil source and method of emulsion generation.
Phytosterol-loaded CD44 receptor-targeted PEGylated nano-hybrid phyto-liposomes for synergistic chemotherapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Milan Gautam, Raj Kumar Thapa, Biki Gupta, Zar Chi Soe, Wenquan Ou, Kishwor Poudel, Sung Giu Jin, Han-Gon Choi, Chul Soon Yong, Jong Oh Kim
STS, a plant-derived phytosterol, differs structurally from cholesterol (CHO), β-sitosterol, and campesterol, with an additional double bond at the C22-23position [20]. Phytosterols have an inhibitory effect on lung, stomach, breast, ovarian, and colorectal cancers mediated via multiple mechanisms, including modification of cell membrane structure and function, as well as increase the cancer cell apoptosis by lowering blood cholesterol levels [21,22]. Biochemical and molecular effects of plant sterol also make them strong candidates for breast cancer therapy [23]. STS derivatives, including 5,6-epoxystigmasta-22,23-diol(epoxydiol), stigmasta-5,22-diene-3β,7β-diol (7β-OH), (22R,23R)-stigmast-5-ene-3β,22,23-triol (22R,23R-triol), and 5,6,22,23-diepoxystigmastane (diepoxide) have been shown to be highly cytotoxic [24]. In addition, methanolic extracts of STS and quercetin isolated from flowers of Couroupita guianensis have shown a significant cytotoxic effect toward NIH 3T3, HepG2, and HeLa cancer cells [25]. Hence, STS has potential as a chemotherapeutic candidate along with other chemotherapeutic agents. DOX, a well-known anthracycline anticancer drug, encapsulated with soybean-derived sterylglucoside mixture (β-sitosterol 3-β-D-glucoside 49.9%, campesterol 29.1%, stigmasterol 13.8% and brassicasterol 7.2%) have shown higher antitumor activity over free DOX and suppresses cancer metastasis after intravenous administration [26]. STS alone has little effect; however, when combined with different biological and cytotoxic agents via active targeting systems, the effects of STS are promising.
Effects of Phytosterol Supplementation on Serum Levels of Lipid Profiles, Liver Enzymes, Inflammatory Markers, Adiponectin, and Leptin in Patients Affected by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Majid Mohammad Shahi, Mohammad Ali Javanmardi, Seyed Saeed Seyedian, Mohammad Hossein Haghighizadeh
Phytosterols have a long history of dietary cholesterol-lowering agents (17), in which the effects of cholesterol lowering by plant sterols were observed in the 1950s (18). Phytosterols are natural components of a diet that has a structure similar to cholesterol. The average of receiving phytosterols from usual diets is almost 250 mg/d, the majority of which is supplied from vegetable oils, seeds, grains, and fruits. The most abundant sterols in the human diet are beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol (19). Plant esters like cholesterol are taken up into enterocytes from intestinal lumen by transporter Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1. Most of these sterols are introduced in enterocytes and then pumped back into the lumen by an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding cassette transporter. As a result, they have much less intestinal absorption than cholesterol (20). New findings suggest that receiving too large a quantity of sterols decreases the effective absorption of cholesterol from the intestine and increases its excretion (21). It has also been observed that daily intake of 2.5 g of phytosterols decreases serum cholesterol by more than 10% (19).