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Impact of Lifestyle on Cardiometabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Cindy Lamendola, Jane Nelson Worel
A reduction in overall carbohydrate intake has the most impact on hyperglycemia in those with diabetes (Evert et al., 2019). A low or very low carbohydrate diet may be recommended for those not meeting glycemic targets or who wish to reduce their glucose lowering medications. Low carbohydrate diets do provide challenges in terms of sustainability and medical safety and are best done under the supervision of a health care team who can provide close monitoring. The DPP dietary intervention included a reduction in fat and calorie consumption to promote and maintain a weight loss goal of 7% of their body weight (CDC, 2021).
Personalized Nutrition in Hypercholesterolemia
Published in Nilanjana Maulik, Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases, 2020
Aktarul Islam Siddique, Nalini Namasivayam
A low-carbohydrate diet is defined as the consumption of 30–130 g of carbohydrates per day or up to 45% of total calories (Hite, Berkowitz et al. 2011). A systematic meta-analysis study involving 1,141 obese subjects documented that low-carbohydrate diets are associated with a significant decrease in body weight, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, plasma triglycerides and an increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels (Santos, Esteves et al. 2012).
Nutrition as treatment
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
There is a significant body of evidence suggesting that a low carbohydrate diet improves control in type-2 diabetes. Meng et al. (2017) did a meta-analysis of nine randomised controlled trials of low carbohydrate (<26% of energy) diets (LCD) versus normal carbohydrate diets in the management of type-2 diabetes. They found that the LCD resulted in a highly significant reduction in HbA1c even without any significant reduction in body weight. The LCD also led to a significant reduction in serum triacylglycerol levels and a rise in HDL but no indication of any beneficial effect upon LDL cholesterol. The UK charity Diabetes UK has a 7-day low carbohydrate diet plan on its website https://www.diabetes.org.uk/
Effect of individualised nutritional intervention on the postpartum nutritional status of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and the growth and development of their offspring: a quasi-experimental study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Jie Tan, Liangliang Huo, Xia Qian, Xiaohua Wang
Timely individualised nutritional interventions for patients with GDM can provide a basis for lowering their long-term risk of developing T2DM and improving the growth and development of their offspring. Indeed, dietary interventions may lower infant birth weight, reduce the risk of macrosomia, and the need for maternal antidiabetic medication in women with GDM (Yamamoto et al. 2018). The DASH diet is associated with a lower risk of caesarean section than the control diet, but specific dietary interventions might not affect most perinatal and postpartum outcomes in women with GDM (Han et al. 2017). A low-carbohydrate diet may not reduce the need for insulin in women with GDM (Moreno-Castilla et al. 2013). Importantly, a Cochrane review highlighted the lack of evidence to determine the optimal diet for women with GDM (Han et al. 2013). Hence, it is possible that a fixed nutritional intervention in patients with GDM might not be appropriate for all patients and that an individualised approach could have better prospects. A study showed that individualised nutrition therapy in women with GDM could reduce pregnancy complications and improve pregnancy outcomes (Shi et al. 2016). A study is underway to prevent GDM using individualised nutritional intervention (Zhang et al. 2021). Still, studies on the postpartum status and the offspring are mostly lacking.
The Use of Dietary Supplements and Their Association with COVID-19-Related Anxiety among Non-Institutionalized Elderly in Northern Greece
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Georgios Marakis, Lamprini Kontopoulou, Georgios Konstantinidis, Ioanna V. Papathanasiou, Georgios Karpetas, Daphne Mirkopoulou, Ann F. Walker, Eleni Vasara
The demographic, health and nutritional characteristics of the participants are depicted in Table 1. Women accounted for 56.6% of the sample. About half of the participants (51.1%) belonged to the age group 65–74 years, with the rest being 75 years of age and older. Based on their BMI values, nearly half of the participants (48.9%) were overweight and 28.0% were obese. With regard to smoking habits, 17.9% of participants reported being active smokers, 25.8% former smokers, and 56.3% were nonsmokers. About a third of the participants (33.8%) exhibited any sign of COVID-19-related anxiety (i.e. CAS-5 > 0), but only 8% were dysfunctionally anxious (i.e. CAS ≥ 5). Most of the participants (87.64%) were vaccinated against COVID-19. The vast majority (92.6%) followed a normal mixed diet that includes all food groups and only 0.8% reported being vegetarian. A small percentage (3.8%) followed a low-carbohydrate diet and the rest (2.8%) indicated other types of diet such as low-calorie diet. Most of the participants (80.5%) perceived their diet as balanced, while only 12.1% perceived their diet as unbalanced, with the rest being unable to evaluate it. Finally, 29.1% perceived their immune system as stronger compared to that of same-age peers, while only 7.1% believed that their immune system was weaker compared to that of same-age peers (with the rest of the participants perceiving that their immune system is the same as that of same-age peers).
Phase resetting of circadian peripheral clocks using human and rodent diets in mouse models of type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease
Published in Chronobiology International, 2019
Shinnosuke Yasuda, Shiho Iwami, Konomi Tamura, Yuko Ikeda, Mayo Kamagata, Hiroyuki Sasaki, Atsushi Haraguchi, Masako Miyamatsu, Shizuka Hanashi, Yoshiyuki Takato, Shigenobu Shibata
In this study, we found that freeze-dried human diets can cause a phase advance in mouse peripheral clocks. The control mouse diet, AIN-93M, strongly advanced the phase of the peripheral clocks compared with the human diets for the healthy, DB, or CKD. Almost all the human diets caused a similar phase advance in the liver clock. In acute gene-expression experiments, all human diets (for the healthy, DB, and CKD) similarly increased Per2 and decreased Rev-erb α expression in the liver. An acute change in clock gene expression by refeeding with AIN-93M was more potent than with the human diets. These results strongly suggest that a carbohydrate-rich food, such as AIN-93M, strongly affects phase advances and acute changes in clock gene expression through increased insulin secretion. In the following experiments, we prepared a low-carbohydrate human diet and compared it with a normal-carbohydrate human diet. Both the low-carbohydrate and normal-carbohydrate diets induced similar phase-advances, and acutely increased and decreased Per2 and Rev-erbα gene expression, respectively. However, increases in glucose and insulin levels were lower in the low-carbohydrate diet compared with the normal-carbohydrate diet. In this study, the expression of clock genes was checked at one sampling point. Further studies are needed to confirm that the observed difference of each clock gene is due to changes in phase, amplitude, or both. This distinction could not be made presently because sampling was done at only one point.