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Role of Natural Agents in the Management of Diabetes
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Monika Elżbieta Jach, Anna Serefko
Galega officinalis is a leguminous plant, which aerial parts have long been used in traditional and folk medicine to treat diabetes in Chile, Japan as well as Europe (Bailey and Day, 2004; Gunn and Farnsworth, 2013; Rios et al., 2015). This herb consists of two nitrogen guanidine constituents: galegin (syn. galegine) as isoamylene guanidine and hydroxygalegine prevalent in all parts during flowering and forming fruits. These bioactive substances possess pharmacological features as hypoglycemic and galactogenic factors. However, guanidine is excessively toxic for clinical treat; hence, the study focused on galegine, which turned out to be less toxic as an extract of G. officinalis. In the 1920s, the extract was specified as an antidiabetic formulation (Bailey and Day, 2004; Martínez-Larrañaga and Martínez, 2018).
3-Nitropropionate
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
An enzymatic oxidation of 3-NPA was reported in the leguminous plant H. comosa.98 The enzyme was named 3-NPA oxidase due to the detection of hydrogen peroxide and the preference for 3-NPA as a substrate (≥30 fold) with respect to its conjugate base P3N.98 Nitrate and nitrite were produced via a combination of enzymatic and nonenzymatic free-radical chain oxidation of the organic substrate as indicated by a nonintegral stoichiometry of hydrogen peroxide produced and 3-NPA consumed.98
Nodulin Function and Nodulin Gene Regulation in Root Nodule Development
Published in Peter M. Gresshoff, Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 2018
So far, most nodulin genes can be assigned a nonsymbiotic counterpart. What, then, about the archetype of the nodulins, leghemoglobin? Leghemoglobin gene expression has never been detected in any part of a leguminous plant other than the nodule, so the absence of a nonsymbiotic counterpart seems fairly well established. There has been a great deal of speculation whether the leghemoglobin genes were acquired by horizontal genetic transmission either from Rhizobium itself or from an animal vector.148 Detailed analysis of the soybean leghemoglobin gene family153 suggest, however, that globin genes were already present in the common ancestor of present-day plants and animals. The presence of a hemoglobin gene in the nonlegume Parasponia, that has a high sequence homology and the same gene structure as the leghemoglobin genes in legumes,92 has profound consequences for considering the evolution of these genes. The Parasponia hemoglobin sequence substantiates the likelihood of a vertical evolution of the globins starting from a hypothetical ancestor before the radiation of animals and plants. In principle, all plants could have the globin sequence. Indeed, the presence of leghemoglobin-like sequences in various nonlegumes has been reported.154 In fact, a Parasponia cDNA clone for hemoglobin hybridizes to hemoglobin genes in the distantly related Casuarina, which has a nitrogen-fixing symbiotic association with the actinomycete Frankia.92 It also hybridizes to presumably related sequences in the DNA of Trema, a close relative of Parasponia, that does not nodulate.92 In addition, it has been found that in Parasponia and Trema roots hemoglobin gene expression can be detected at a low level.155 Because there occurs only one hemoglobin gene in Parasponia DNA, this same gene must be expressed in roots as well as in nodules. Thus, in Parasponia, the expression of a hemoglobin gene can be detected in nonsymbiotic tissue. Therefore, also in legumes there may be a nonsymbiotic counterpart for leghemoglobin that is transcribed in nonsymbiotic tissue, although expression of such a gene has not been detected yet.
Pueraria flavones-loaded bile salt liposomes with improved intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability: in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Maomao Tang, Zhiping Gui, Xiao Liang, Chaoshuang Yan, Xiaoliang Li, Zhenbao Li, Ning He, Xiangwei Chang, Jian Guo, Shuangying Gui
Cardiovascular diseases are chronic diseases that include atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, and stroke (Holton et al. 2010; Thomas et al. 2018). Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have garnered considerable scientific attention because of their multicomponent, multilevel, and multi-target characteristics. TCMs or extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Chen et al. 2019), Panax notoginseng (Chen et al. 2008), matrine (Wang et al. 2019), and Ginkgo biloba (Yang et al. 2017) are used for treating cardiovascular diseases. Dry roots of the perennial leguminous plant kudzu, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, are used for the treatment of alcohol abuse, hypertension, fever, headache, back or neck stiffness, diarrhoea or dysentery, and measles (Wang et al. 2006; Wong et al. 2011). Pueraria flavones (PFs) are the main effective parts of Pueraria lobata and consist of more than 30 types of components including puerarin, 3′-methoxyl-puerarin, daidzin, and daidzein. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that PFs exhibit anti-thrombosis, anti-apoptotic, anti-pancreatic damage, anti-oxidant, and antihypertensive activities (Li et al. 2013). The common parent structure C6–C3–C6 is shown in Figure 1.
Effects of gamma radiation (γ) on biochemical and antioxidant properties in black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
K. Yasmin, D. Arulbalachandran, V. Soundarya, S. Vanmathi
The primary source of protein and dietary amino acid for human and farm animals (Boudoin and Maquet 1999) consumed from the leguminous plant in which, black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is a vital pulse crop, stands fourth in production and acreage (Deepalakshmi and Anandakumar 2004) which has unique occupying position in Indian agriculture. The exposure of seeds with high doses of gamma rays alter the protein synthesis, hormone balance, leaf gas exchange, water exchange and enzyme activity (Hameed et al. 2008). Moreover, the effects of gamma radiation have been reported in various plants such as lettuce (Marcu et al. 2013a), chickpea (Melki and Sallami 2008), rice (Maity et al. 2005), maize (Marcu et al. 2013b), soybean (Moussa, 2011), and barley (Wang et al. 2017). From the previous report on the effect of gamma radiation in plants, it was evident that there is a wide gap in alteration of biochemical, free radical formation and antioxidant activity, and the gap is very high in case of black gram (Vigna mungo). Hence, the present study was undertaken to bridge the knowledge gap on the effect of gamma irradiation on biochemical content and antioxidant activity in black gram. Furthermore, we analyzed ESR spectroscopy to find out the formation of free radicals in gamma-irradiated black gram seeds.
Recent advances towards natural plants as potential inhibitors of SARS-Cov-2 targets
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Zhouman He, Jia Yuan, Yuanwen Zhang, Runfeng Li, Meilan Mo, Yutao Wang, Huihui Ti
Oxosophoridine, extracted and separated from the leguminous plant Sophora alopecuroides L. (Leguminosae), has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative stress, antiapoptotic, and anticancer effects (Jin SJ et al. 2017; Cao et al. 2018). Zhang YN et al. (2020) researched the effects of lycorine and oxosophoridine in Vero E6 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 and found that lycorine and oxosophoridine both inhibited the replication of the virus in Vero E6 cells with the effective concentration values of 0.3 μM and 0.18 μM, respectively. In addition, oxosophoridine might be a broad-spectrum antiviral molecule because it effectively inhibits the replication of flaviviruses and alphaviruses.