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Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Hericium erinaceus is an edible and medicinal mushroom, known in the United States and Europe as “Lion’s Mane,” in Japan as “Yamabushitake,” and in China as “Hou Tou Gu.” Hericium erinaceus is known to exert a number of important biological effects, including induction of nerve growth factor, inhibition of the cytotoxicity of β-amyloid peptide, neuroprotection, reduction of blood glucose, and normalization of blood lipids.1 Its most promising medicinal application is likely the treatment of Alzheimer’s and other dementias. There is also data, albeit mostly from preclinical studies, that suggest potential use in the treatment of MDD.
Potential of Mycochemicals in the Prevention and Control of Microbial Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Phenolic compounds are aromatic hydroxylated compounds with one or more aromatic rings and one or more hydroxyl groups. Phenolic compounds include phenolic acids, oxidized polyphenols, hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonoids, tannins, hydroxycinnamic acids, stilbenes and lignans both benzoic (protocatechuic, 4-OH-benzoic, vanillic, syringic), cinnamic acid derivatives (caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic), flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, lignans, tannins, stilbenes and oxidized polyphenols (Kumar and Goel 2019). Phenolic compounds are excellent sources of antioxidants and possess anti-tumor, cardiovascular, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergenic properties (Cateni et al. 2021). They also help to balance blood sugar level and support the body’s detoxification mechanisms. Synthetic phenolic; butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl gallate, tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), ethoxyquin (EQ) are effective in inhibiting oxidation. However, some synthetic phenolic may cause adverse toxic effects under certain conditions. BHA, which is very often used as an additive in food industry, can have negative effects on the regulation of the activity of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) depending on the dosage. Phenolic compounds such as quercetin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, myricetin, naringenin, kaempferol (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, lycopene, 4-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, t-cinnamic and vanillic acids and naringenin were detected in mushrooms (Gąsecka et al. 2016). Mushroom extracts of Agaricus bisporus, Boletus edulis, Calocybe gambosa, Cantharellus scibarius, Craterellus cornucopioides, Hygrophorus marzuolus, Lactarius deliciosus and Pleurotus ostreatus contain caffeic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, homogentisic acid, myricetin, protocatechuic acid, and pyrogallol (Palacios et al. 2011). Phenolic compounds are effective antimicrobial agents against some microorganisms that are resistant to commercial antibiotics. The presence of carboxylic acid (COOH), two hydroxyl (OH) groups in para and ortho-positions of the benzene ring and also a methoxyl (OCH3) group in the meta-position seems to be important for anti-MRSA activity (Alves et al. 2013). Phenolic compounds such as grifolin and its derivatives have been isolated from the edible mushroom; Albatrellus ovinus and showed antimicrobial activity. Hericium erinaceus, an edible and medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine contains phenol analogous compounds (hericenones C, D, E, F, G, H) isolated (Thongbai et al. 2015; Corana et al. 2019). Phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanin were greater in amount in Termitomyces robustus than Lentinus squarrosulus(Ugbogu et al. 2020). Bioactive components; total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, vitamin C, phytic acid, lycopene, β-carotene, trypsin inhibition and haemagglutinin were reported in Amanita spp.; nonconventional edible wild mushroom (Greeshma et al. 2018).
Nutraceuticals-based therapeutic approach: recent advances to combat pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Marjan Talebi, Eleni Kakouri, Mohsen Talebi, Petros A. Tarantilis, Tahereh Farkhondeh, Selen İlgün, Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri, Saeed Samarghandian
Hericenones such as Hericenone E are bioactive compounds isolated from the basidiocarps of Hericium erinaceus mushroom. Diterpenoid derivatives entitled erinacines were isolated from the mycelium of H. erinaceus. Two eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes, dictyophorines A and B were isolated from Dictyophora indusiata. These bioactive compounds of edible and pharmaceutical mushrooms improved neurite outgrowth by motivating the production of NGF, mimicking the NGF reactivity, or by defending neurons from neurotoxicants-induced cell death. Uridine isolated from Pleurotus giganteus induced neuritogenesis was regulated by cross-talk between the MEK/ERKs and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways and obliged the activation of the transcription factor CREB. Ergothioneine, which is high in Pleurotus cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus. Ergothioneine enhanced differentiation of neural progenitor cells into neurons. Ganoderic acid S1, methyl ganoderic-A, and methyl ganoderic-B, as well as ganolucidic acid-A isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, have been revealed to emerge NGF- and BDNF-like neuronal survival-promoting properties [213].
Extraction and derivatisation of active polysaccharides
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
Natural polysaccharides are macromolecule compounds with many hydroxyl groups. Under suitable chemical reaction conditions, some active hydroxyl groups on the polysaccharide ring can produce corresponding esters through nucleophilic substitution reaction29. Xu et al.30Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide (Hep) was obtained by hot water extraction and acetylated Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide (A-Hep) was prepared. By combining single factor and response surface methodology, the optimum experimental scheme was determined as follows: liquid-to-material ratio was 34:1 (mL/g), reaction time was 3 h, and experimental temperature was 30 °C. Under this experimental condition, the degree of substitution of A-Hep was as high as 0.609, and the antioxidant activity of A-Hep was significantly improved compared with that of non-acetylated HEP.
Nanocarriers-loaded with natural actives as newer therapeutic interventions for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Mahfoozur Rahman, Waleed H Almalki, Majed Alrobaian, Jawed Iqbal, Saad Alghamdi, Khalid S Alharbi, Nabil K Alruwaili, Abdul Hafeez, Adil Shaharyar, Tanuja Singh, Mohammad Waris, Vikas Kumar, Sarwar Beg
Erinacine is extracted from the mushroom Hericium erinaceus is known for its anticancer action in humans [52]. The experimental studies have indicated that P13 K, Akt, and GSK-3 β genes are upregulated in the HCC tissues which decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading eventually to an increase in the intracellular mitochondrial calcium ion concentration. This further attenuates the release of cyt-C in mitochondria result in cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner [52]. Therefore, the above results conclude that erinacine MPTP facilitates the effective release of cyt-C, inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis by inactivating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway and minimizes the progression of HCC [52].