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Effects of Food Processing, Storage, and Cooking on Nutrients in Plant-Based Foods
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Cooking and industrial processing of oats influence the molecular weight of beta-glucans and thus, their physicochemical characteristic including its viscosity. These changes may alter their sensory properties and physiological effects in several food products. The addition of beta-glucan extracts to food products may improve their glycemic response, and it is determined by their concentration, the preserved molecular weight of the beta-glucan chains, and the resulting viscosity (Regand et al., 2009).
Concept of Nutrition
Published in Anil Gupta, Biochemical Parameters and the Nutritional Status of Children, 2020
Non-starch polysaccharides occurring in natural foods like vegetables, fruits, and whole grains are enriched with antioxidants. Their intake helps to reduce the level of pro-oxidants in body and minimize the risk for oxidative stress. These carbohydrates have a preventive role in the cause of coronary artery disease. Carbohydrates like beta-glucans have an important role in lowering the serum cholesterol level. These are beneficial in the management of atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia, which are significant causal factors in the onset of coronary artery disease (FAO 2019).
Liposomal Amphotericin B
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Nenad Macesic, Neil R. H. Stone, John R. Wingard
The pharmacodynamics of LAmB have been assessed in both in vitro and laboratory animal models. Lestner et al. (2010) used an in vitro lung model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DAmB, LAmB, and ABLC. Pharmacodynamics were defined by measuring concentrations of galactomannan in endovascu-lar and alveolar compartments. All three formulations achieved significantly higher concentrations in cells than in endovascular fluid but the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships of these three formulations differed widely, with 50% maximal effect for both lipid formulations being significantly higher (0.12 mg/l for DAmB vs. 1.03 and 4.41 mg/l for LAmB and ABLC, respectively). In a recent study, Al-Nakeeb et al.(2015) evaluated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacody-namics of DAmB, LAmB, and ABLC in a rabbit model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Near-maximal antifungal activity was found with AmB at 1 mg/kg/day and ABLC and LAmB at 5 mg/kg/day. Through a Monte Carlo bridging study, the investigators extrapolated that a clinical dosage of 3 mg/kg/day would completely suppress galactomannan and beta-D-glucan levels in most patients.
Effects of β-glucan and Vitamin D Supplementation on Inflammatory Parameters in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019
Josef Richter, Martina Závorková, Vaclav Vetvicka, Ivana Liehneová, Vlastimil Kral, Lucie Rajnohova Dobiasova
The possible regulation of energetic metabolism, obesity, and metabolic syndrome is gaining attention. The relation between these reactions and beta-glucan supplementation is the subject of numerous studies. Studies have shown that adding beta-glucan to food helps prevent or treat metabolic syndrome and decreases insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity (Stier, Ebbeskotte, & Gruenwald, 2014; Wang et al., 2016). It has been suggested that beta-glucan assists in balancing gut microbiota, particularly in altering the ratio between bacteroides (Gram-negative bacteria such as Bacteriodes fragilis) and firmicutes (mostly Gram-positive bacteria such as Clostridia and Bacilli) (Wang et al., 2016). Detailed studies of beta-glucan effects, possible relationships between function and purity, or physicochemical structure are currently under way.
Engineering polymeric nanocapsules for an efficient drainage and biodistribution in the lymphatic system
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Ana Sara Cordeiro, José Crecente-Campo, Belén L. Bouzo, Santiago F. González, María de la Fuente, María José Alonso
Subsequently, with the aim of producing NCs with distinct polymeric shells (and different surface charges), in addition to CS, we also used (i) polyarginine and (ii) carboxymethyl-β-glucan, as cationic and anionic polymers, respectively. These polymers were selected for their charge, but also because of their previously described role in the vaccination field. For example, polyarginine has been used with good results as an adjuvant against tumour antigens [58], and in a therapeutic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine that reached phase II clinical trials [59]. On the other hand, beta glucans – present in the cell wall of several pathogenic agents, such as bacteria and fungi – have also gained attention in this field. These polysaccharides are known to act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are recognised by the Dectin-1 receptor present in dendritic cells and macrophages, leading to the activation of these cells [60,61]. Studies with beta glucan particles obtained from the cell wall of Saccharomices cerevisae, and then loaded with model antigens, such as ovalbumin, showed the potential of these vehicles to induce robust T-cell immune responses and high antibody levels in mice [62,63].
Consumption of β-glucans to spice up T cell treatment of tumors: a review
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2018
Priscilla de Graaff, Coen Govers, Harry J. Wichers, Reno Debets
Beta-glucans consist of polymeric D-glucose monomers with a backbone generally consisting of β-(1→3) bonds, and branched via β-(1→4) or β-(1→6) links. Beta-glucans are stable compounds found in cell walls of plants and micro-organisms that resist passage through the digestive tract. Figure 2 summarizes studies, often using fluorescently labelled β-glucans, that investigated intestinal uptake via epithelial cells and M cells, triggering of local CXCR3+ macrophages and CD103+ DCs, and activating effector NK and T cells in more distant lymphoid organs. Beta-glucans trigger innate immune cells via binding to PRRs, such as dectin-1, initiate type I IFNs and pro-inflammatory signaling cascades, and mediate the acquisition of T cell-recruiting and stimulating phenotypes.