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Herbal Drug Discovery Against Inflammation: From Traditional Wisdom to Modern Therapeutics
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Shalini Dixit, Karuna Shanker, Madhumita Srivastava, Priyanka Maurya, Nupur Srivastava, Jyotshna, Dnyaneshwar U. Bawankule
Polyphenols represent an important class of natural compounds with unique biological properties. These are mainly present as a dietary supplement in fruits, vegetables, green tea, and white wine, etc. By experimental data on animals and human cell lines, it has been proven that polyphenols help as potent anti-inflammatory agents since they possess scavenging properties towards radical oxygen species and complex forming ability towards proteins. Thus, polyphenols prove very interesting naturally occurring compounds for the treatment and prevention of various diseases like cancer and inflammation. Pro-anthocyanidins present in grape seeds reduce the expression of TNF-α and IKKα/ß, shows strong anti-inflammatory activity. Catechins contain a polyphenolic ring mainly present as important biologically active constituents in green tea and are considered as one of the most powerful antioxidants (Somani et al., 2015). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), catechin isolated from green tea plant Camellia sinensis, shows therapeutic potential in the treatment of arthritis. Further, it acts as a strong modulator for inflammation by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and several well established proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNFα (Lin et al., 2008).
The Role of Botanicals in Cardiovascular Health
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Grapes, especially grape seeds, are a rich source of potent polyphenol antioxidants that may have a beneficial effect on numerous risk factors involved in the metabolic syndrome such as hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension (Akaberi and Hosseinzadeh 2016). Grape seed oil is growing in popularity as a heart-healthy cooking oil. Some research shows that, compared to sunflower seed oil, grape seed oil modestly improves insulin resistance and reduces C-reactive protein in overweight/obese women (Irandoost et al. 2013). Preclinical research shows that grape seed extract (GSE) can reduce the development of obesity and its altered metabolic pathways by improving adipokine secretion and oxidative stress (Junsong et al. 2014). GSE also inhibits lipid digestion and absorption, which has a beneficial effect on lipids (Adisakwattana et al. 2010).
Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
A grape is a berry fruit of the vines (Vitis) originally from the Mediterranean region. There are a few thousand varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes; some of them have commercial values. Grape is eaten fresh or processed to make wine, jam, juice, jelly, raisins, grape seed extract, grape seed oil, and vinegar. Grape berries contain three major types of tissue: skin, flesh, and seeds (77–78). Grapes have high soluble healthy sugar, fiber, and water content. They are a rich source of vitamins: B1, B2, B5, B6, C, K, and minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium) (77–78). Grape berries are very rich in potassium (78). Grapes also contain a variety of colored phenolic antioxidants such as anthocyanidins and resveratrol which are responsible for the color of purple grapes and red wines (72, 77–78). Grapes grow in clusters, and their colors vary from yellow, green, orange, pink to crimson, dark blue, and black. The darker the colors, the richer the grapes are in antioxidants.
An Overview of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Emphasis on Dietary Products and Herbal Remedies
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Deepa S. Mandlik, Satish K. Mandlik
Grapes are well-known safe dietary products that protect against a variety of physiological processes. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of anthocyanins, stilbenes and procyanidins that are rice in grapefruit seeds, skin and red wines, have been identified (29). In an in-vitro human DNA topoisomerase II assay, a team extracted TP-4 and TP-6 fractions from the culture of grape cells with good cancer-preventive activity (30). The TP-6 fraction that is rich in procyanidin subdued HepG2 cancer cells viability (31). In a liver cancer xenograft model, grape procyanidin therapy suppressed the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, indicating anti-angiogenic properties (32). Grape seed extracts from winery waste may also be used as an anti-carcinogenic agent against HCC. The treatment of rats with seed extract promoted apoptosis in HepG2 cells by causing DNA breakdown, increased nitric oxide formation, upregulation of p53 and a substantial reduction in Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) expression (33).
Neuroprotective benefits of grape seed and skin extract in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Sarah Ben Youssef, Guillaume Brisson, Hélène Doucet-Beaupré, Anne-Marie Castonguay, Charles Gora, Mohamed Amri, Martin Lévesque
Polyphenols contained in grape seed and red wine have also been reported to have anti-inflammatory activities [44]. The upregulation of NF-kB pro-inflammatory signaling has been shown to contribute to mDA neuronal loss in PD [45–48]. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory role of GSSE mediated by the nuclear factor NF-kB by following the translocation of the phosphorylated NF-kB p65 subunit into the nucleus, where it is known to trigger the transcription of genes involved in the cellular inflammatory response [49]. We found that treatment with GSSE decreased the phospho-NF-kB p65 activity caused by 6-OHDA toxicity. This result is in agreement with previous reports that polyphenols present in red wine can decrease the activation of NF-kB and the several inflammatory cascades it regulates [45,50]. Other studies have shown that chronic neuroinflammatory signaling mediated by NF-kB contributes significantly to the progression of neuronal damage observed in PD [51]. In a PD model of rat primary midbrain neuron-glia culture, resveratrol showed neuroprotective effects by inhibiting microglial activation and reducing pro-inflammatory factor release through the downregulation of the NF-kB pathway in microglia [45]. Other studies using a zebrafish model of PD have demonstrated that quercetin, a polyphenolic antioxidant present at low levels in GSSE, attenuates 6-OHDA-stimulated dopaminergic neuron loss by decreasing pro-inflammatory gene expression [52]. In accordance with those studies, we demonstrated that pretreatment with polyphenol-rich GSSE followed by 6-OHDA insult reduces NF-kB p65 activity in mDA primary cell culture, suggesting that the neuroprotective effect of GSSE involves NF-kB-regulated anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Combined Nutraceuticals: A Novel Approach to Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer?
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Lauren C. Chartier, Gordon S. Howarth, Suzanne Mashtoub
Grape seed extract is a by-product of the wine and grape-juice industries. It contains high levels of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, and has historically been used to treat digestive problems (39). Procyanidins in grape seed extract are potent antioxidants and free-radical scavengers that possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic potential (39). Proanthocyanidins in grape seed extract bind to the apical surface of the gut mucosa without being absorbed across the intestine, thus allowing them to be bioavailable within the gut following ingestion (39).