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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Flavonoids belong to the class of phenylpropanoids containing phenolic compounds, and have the widest color range, from pale-yellow to blue (22). Depending on their structures, flavonoids may be classified into about a dozen groups, such as chalcones, flavones, flavonols, and anthocyanins, and each group has its specific color. In particular, anthocyanins, a class of flavonoids, give colors from orange to blue and are found in many flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds, and other tissues (22). Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments belonging to the phenolic group. They appear red, purple, or blue, depending to pH of plant part. They provide color in leaves, plant stem, roots, flowers, and fruits. Berries, currants, grapes, and some tropical fruits have high anthocyanin content (22, 26). Anthocyanin and its aglycone anthocyanidin possess antioxidative and antimicrobial activities, improve visual and neurological health, and protect against various chronic diseases (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer) (26).
Therapeutic Potential of Anthocyanin Against Diabetes
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Tawheed Amin, H. R. Naik, Bazila Naseer, Syed Zameer Hussain
Anthocyanins are derived from anthocyanidins; therefore, their structure consists of an aglycone or sugar-free anthocyanidin structure [32]. Anthocyanidins do not contain carbohydrate (glucose) esterified at the 3-position, while as it is present in anthocyanin [32]. Based on the number and position of OH– groups on the flavan nucleus, six distinct anthocyanidins exist commonly in plants, such as pelargonidin (pg), cyanidin (cy), peonidin (pn), delphinidin (dp), petunidin (pt), and malvidin (mv) (Figures 5.2) [79]. The most predominant plant sources of anthocyanins are grapes (11%), berries (20%), red or purple vegetables (8%), yogurt (6%), wine (16%), and 100%-non-citrus juice (6%) [17].
Roles of Daily Diet and Beta-Adrenergic System in the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes
Published in Nilanjana Maulik, Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases, 2020
Ebru Arioglu Inan, Belma Turan
Anthocyanins are phytochemicals mostly found in fruits and vegetables with red, purple, pink and blue coloring (Castaneda-Ovando, de Lourdes Pacheco-Hernández et al. 2009). Fruits and vegetables rich in anthocyanins are thought to have beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes (Ley, Hamdy et al. 2014). Studies have revealed that anthocyanin consumption decreases the risk of type 2 diabetes; a 7.5 mg/day increase in anthocyanin intake caused a 5% decrease in the risk of type 2 diabetes (Guo, Yang et al. 2016). Anthocyanins extracted from blueberries have been useful for insulin sensitivity in obese patients (Stull, Cash et al. 2010). Furthermore, fasting plasma glucose levels were attenuated as a result of purified anthocyanin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients (Liu, Li et al. 2014). The preventive role of anthocyanins in type 2 diabetes has been explained by their antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory capability and their effect on glucose and lipid homeostasis (Guo, Yang et al. 2016).
Anthocyanin attenuates high salt-induced hypertension via inhibiting the hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2023
Chunmei Xu, Jun Zhu, Guangyuan Gong, Li Guo, Ye Zhang, Ziyue Zhang, Chunlan Ma
This study has the following limitation: first, how anthocyanin reduces the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in the PVN of salt-induced hypertensive rats. Second, anthocyanin has antioxidant effects. The improvement of expression and function of AT1R in the PVN of salt-induced hypertensive rats could be partly due to the antioxidant effect of anthocyanin. Previous studies have reported that anthocyanin is associated with blood pressure regulation, directly or indirectly by other mechanisms. Anthocyanin has been shown to increase endothelial-derived nitric oxide, which in turn prevents vascular smooth muscle contraction (41). Furthermore, anthocyanin has been shown to reduce the synthesis of vasoconstricting molecules, such as Ang II and endothelin-1 via inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway (42).
Modified Taohong Siwu decoction improves cardiac function after myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in rats by promoting endogenous stem cell mobilization and regulating metabolites
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Wan-ting Meng, Zhong-Xin Xiao, Han Li, Ya-chao Wang, Yue Zhao, Yan Zhu, Hai-dong Guo
Further, to explore the long-term therapeutic effect of high-dose modified THSWD on I/R rats, we collected serum after 4 weeks of treatment to perform metabolomic analysis. We found significant differences in the metabolites between the high-dose modified THSWD and I/R groups. Betaine aldehyde, betaine, 2-aminoethyl phosphonate, asparagine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-methylcytidine, taurocholic acid, and γ-glutamyl tyrosine were among the different metabolites identified. The different metabolite pathways between the high-dose modified THSWD and I/R groups mainly included phosphonate and phosphonate metabolism; taurine and hypotaurine metabolism; alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamate metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; primary bile acid biosynthesis; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; and purine metabolism. Furthermore, the anthocyanin content in the high-dose modified THSWD group was much higher than that in the I/R group, which might also be one of the foundations of treatment efficacy. Previous studies have shown that the metabolome profile of the body changes after the occurrence of myocardial ischaemia (Sun et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2017). Additionally, an anthocyanin-rich extract of Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae) has cardioprotective effects following MI (Jana et al. 2017). A high intake of anthocyanins may also reduce the risk of MI in predominantly young women (Cassidy et al. 2013). Therefore, high-dose modified THSWD might play a protective role in the myocardium, partly by affecting metabolic pathways.
Daily and Not Every-Other-Day Intake of Anthocyanin-Rich New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract Alters Substrate Oxidation during Moderate-Intensity Walking in Adult Males
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2022
Mehmet Akif Şahin, PhD, Pelin Bilgiç, PhD, Stefano Montanari, MSc, Mark Elisabeth Theodorus Willems, PhD
The dark purple blackcurrant berries are rich in color-giving anthocyanins (Neveu et al. 2010). Anthocyanins are phytochemicals and part of the flavonoid family, a subclass of polyphenols. The anthocyanin composition of blackcurrant consists primarily of delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Overall et al. 2017). In berry plants and bushes, color-providing anthocyanins are secondary metabolites and function also to offer protection from oxidative stress and pathogens (Manach et al. 2004). In humans, regular anthocyanin intake can provide substantial health benefits (Li et al. 2017; Zafra-Stone et al. 2007). Higher anthocyanin intake was associated with lower insulin resistance, lower inflammation, reduced arterial stiffness, reduced blood pressure, and lower risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes as the intake may have improved endothelial function, blood flow, and is linked with the anthocyanin-modulating effects on the antioxidant defense system (Cassidy et al. 2016; Jacques et al. 2013; Jennings et al. 2014; Mink et al. 2007). When epidemiological studies provide quantitative information on anthocyanin-induced health benefits (Cassidy et al. 2016), it is assumed that the benefits are obtained with daily intake, in line with dietary guidelines of daily intake for other nutrients.