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Actinic Keratosis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Nicotinamide: Patients who receive oral nicotinamide, 500 mg bid, significantly reduced the rates of actinic keratoses (precancers) by 11% at three months and by approximately 15% after 12 months of treatment compared with a placebo.2Glycolic Acid: Chemical peels containing 20% to 70% glycolic acid have been used by dermatologists to treat ichthyosis, acne, xerosis, warts, psoriasis, actinic keratosis, and seborrheic keratoses.3 Glycolic acid lotion appli cations (e.g., 20% twice a day for three months) have been shown to improve sun damaged skin.4
Aesthetic
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
Glycolic acid (40%–70%) is an AHA from sugar cane, similar to lactic (milk), tartaric (grapes), malic (apples) and citric acids. Hence, the alternative collective term is ‘fruit acids’ (but most can be synthesised in the laboratory). Kojic acid peels are more irritant and are thus second-line treatment. The effects are less dramatic than dermabrasion/chemical peel/facelifts but with less risk. The depth of effect is related to concentration and time of contact (neutralising with bicarbonate/rinsing with water). There is no significant downtime (i.e. typical ‘lunch time peel’, although some get crusting several days later). There may be temporary irritation and thinning of skin that needs sun protection.
Superficial Peeling
Published in Antonella Tosti, Maria Pia De Padova, Gabriella Fabbrocini, Kenneth R. Beer, Acne Scars, 2018
Jessica Cervantes, Maria Pia De Padova, Antonella Tosti
α-hydroxy acids (AHAs) is a family of carboxylic acids consisting of glycolic, lactic, malic, oxalic, tartaric, and citric acid. Glycolic acid is the most popular AHA that is used as a peeling agent [8]. Superficial glycolic acid peels provide an overall improvement in the appearance of the skin with minimal post-peel recovery. The chemical effect of topical AHAs is to diminish corneocyte cohesion above the granular layer and diminish the quantity of desmosomes and tonofilament aggregates. This results in detachment of the stratum corneum with subsequent desquamation within 24 hours post-treatment [3]. In summary, AHAs such as glycolic acid result in thinning of the stratum corneum, promotion of epidermolysis, and dispersion of basal layer melanin [8]. Furthermore, increased secretion of interleukin-6 causes increases in dermal hyaluronic acid and collagen gene expression [1].
Portulaca oleracea extract relieves skin barrier damage induced by increased photosensitivity after GA peeling
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2022
Jing Wei, Qianghua Quan, Peiyu Wang, Yiming Wang, Tong Huo, Quan An
There are different kinds of acids used in chemical peeling, and alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) are the most common. AHAs are natural substances extracted from various fruits, cane, yogurt, etc. In 1974, Scott and Yu1 reported that some AHAs have antikeratinogenic properties in patients with several types of ichthyosis. AHAs accelerate the shedding of stratum corneum cells by reducing adhesion and activating steroid sulfatase and serine proteases to degrade desmosomes, thereby speeding up the skin's metabolism2. In addition, their moisturizing and antioxidant properties have been described3. Besides epidermal effects, AHAs evoke dermal changes. Kim et al.4 performed in vitro studies using cultured human skin fibroblasts and showed a dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation and collagen production. The effect on fibroblast proliferation is also documented in other literature5,6. Owing to these characteristics, AHAs can be used for the treatment of ichthyosis, keratosis, scars, rosacea, chloasma, and other pigmentation diseases7. AHAs have been used as therapeutic agents for nearly half a century and are still commonly used8,9. Glycolic acid (GA), an AHA that is mainly extracted from sugarcane, has the smallest molecular weight among AHAs and is the most commonly used chemical peeling agent because of its permeability10,11.
An overview of PLGA in-situ forming implants based on solvent exchange technique: effect of formulation components and characterization
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Tarek Metwally Ibrahim, Nagia Ahmed El-Megrab, Hanan Mohammed El-Nahas
Lactic acid is a methyl-substituted glycolic acid that can be produced in D and L forms by fermentation of corn and other agricultural sources. Glycolic acid is 2-hydroxyethanoic acid that can be prepared by enzymatic biochemical processes and chemical synthesis using chloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide (Avgoustakis 2008; Inkinen et al. 2011). As shown in Figure 6, lactides and glycolides are cyclic dimers obtained from dehydration of lactic acid and glycolic acid (Erbetta et al. 2012). PLGA polymer can be developed by the method of melt co-polymerization of lactide and glycolide in the presence of stannous octoate, as a catalyst, under a high vacuum. This is followed by polymerization of cyclic lactide and glycolide by ring-opening method with different initiators to obtain polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) (Gentile et al. 2014). Initially, a low molecular weight (2000–10 000 Da) oligomer is obtained that then forms the PLGA polymer with a higher molecular weight on further heating. PLGA polymer is purified by dissolution in chloroform and precipitation in ethanol, followed by drying in vacuum at room temperature for 48 h (Zhang et al. 2019).
Effective treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with chemical peels – customary treatment for a rare disease
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2020
Berenice M. Lang, Adriane Peveling-Oberhag, Sebastian Zimmer, Joanna Wegner, Anna Sohn, Stephan Grabbe, Petra Staubach
Five patients with DSAP that were referred to our outpatient clinic in 2016 and 2017 were treated with chemical peels. All patients suffered from extensive chronic DSAP with high burden of disease and had experienced at least two different treatments in the past. Patients were then treated with glycolic acid 50% and salicylic acid 25% in a two-layer-technique (8,9). During one treatment cycle, one to two body areas were treated, e.g. arm or leg or abdomen. If more than two areas were affected from the disease, patients were treated sequentially. The procedure of one cycle reads as follows: first, skin was cleaned and degreased. After that, glycolic acid 50% was applied over the whole surface before salicylic acid 25% was applied punctual on skin alterations. Neutralization was performed directly after first signs of frosting occurred. Nutritional skin care was applied after cleaning of the skin. Treatment cycles were repeated every 6–8 weeks for at least three times in each area.