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Chlorophytum borivilianum (Musli) and Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Cohosh)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Rajib Hossain, Dipta Dey, Partha Biswas, Priyanka Paul, Shahlaa Zernaz Ahmed, Arysha Alif Khan, Tanzila Ismail Ema, Muhammad Torequl Islam
Kothari and Singh (2004) were the first to report the inulin-type 2->1 linked fructans by comparative reverse-phase high-pressure anion exchange (RP-HPAE) chromatography. Later Narasimhan et al. (2006) successfully isolated for the first time, the same fructooligosaccharides from C. borivilianum and identified them as O-β-Dfructofuranosyl-(2->1)-(β-D-fructofuranosyl)n-(2->1)-α-D-glucopyranoside (n = 5–30) using HPAE chromatography.
Lifestyle Factors in Cancer Survivorship
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
These occur naturally in gums and pectins, which are found in citrus fruit, pears, apples, peas, guar gum, chicory root, garlic, onions, asparagus, and Jerusalem artichoke as well as grains such as oats, barley, and psyllium. They also include fermentable soluble fibers such as inulin and resistant starch; oligosaccharides, including fructooligosaccharide (FOS); and the polysaccharide beta-glucans most commonly found in mushrooms. They provide a substrate for the microbiota within the large gut. In addition, they increase fecal bulk, and their fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids. This fermentation impacts the expression of a number of genes within the large intestine that enhance digestive function and cholesterol and glucose metabolism, as well as the immune and systemic metabolic functions in the body. They are also rich in natural antibiotics, including penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline, which promote a healthy gut flora and reassuringly, have not been shown to pose any risk of antibiotic resistance.
Nutraceuticals for Maternal and Offspring’s Chronic Disease
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
Significant alterations in gut microbiota (dysbiosis) may predispose children to increased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer (Bai, Behera & Bruner 2018). On the other hand, dysbiosis in the gut during the treatment phase of cancer may alter chemotherapy and increase the cancer-related symptoms (Kelly et al. 2016). Additionally, dysbiosis in gut microbiota may cause alterations in mood and promote depression in patients with cancer (Naseribafrouei et al. 2014). Therefore, based on the current evidence it seems that modulation in gut microbiome by certain probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may have beneficial roles in the prevention and treatment of pediatric cancers. Among the probiotic strains, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium breve have been shown to attenuate chemotherapy side effects such as the occurrence of fever and infections in children with cancer (Ekert et al. 1980; Wada et al. 2010). Additionally, a prebiotic supplement such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) being taken by children during the chemotherapy phase might help the growth of beneficial gut microbiota like Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria (Zheng et al. 2006). Unfortunately, safety concerns were not reported in previous RCTs in this regard (Wada et al. 2010; Zheng et al. 2006). Further studies are needed to determine the effective strains of probiotics and proper components of prebiotics alongside their probable side effects in the treatment of pediatric cancers.
Tight junctions: from molecules to gastrointestinal diseases
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Aekkacha Moonwiriyakit, Nutthapoom Pathomthongtaweechai, Peter R. Steinhagen, Papasara Chantawichitwong, Wilasinee Satianrapapong, Pawin Pongkorpsakol
Many well-known types of dietary oligosaccharide, including chitosan oligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide, and galactomannan pentasaccharide, have attracted attention in the nutrition therapy industry. Chitosan, a positively charged linear heteropolysaccharide derived from chitin, which is the second most common natural polysaccharide in the world, is extracted from the shells of shrimp, lobster, and crab.257,258 Chitosan is utilized as an enhancer of oral-based drug delivery.259 However, chitosan was also revealed to upregulate the expression of TJ proteins (e.g., CLDN1, occludin, ZO-1) and strengthen GI barrier function in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis.260 Indeed, chitooligosaccharide (COS), a degraded product of chitosan, also augmented GI barrier integrity in a mouse closed-loop model and mucus-secreting human colonic HT-29 cells.206,261 In addition, fructooligosaccharide (FOS) relieved 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced GI mucosal damage and gut inflammation in BALB/c mice.262 FOS also stimulated TJ assembly in an AMPK-dependent manner in T84 and intestinal epithelial cells.263 Furthermore, pentasaccharide of mannan (MOS5) was recently reported to possess the capacity to enhance tight junction assembly in intestinal epithelial cell monolayers, via a mechanism involving AMPK activation.264
Therapeutic methods of gut microbiota modification in colorectal cancer management – fecal microbiota transplantation, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, Agnieszka Daca, Mateusz Fic, Thierry van de Wetering, Marcin Folwarski, Wojciech Makarewicz
Prebiotics are selectively fermentable, non-digestible oligosaccharides or ingredients which cause alterations in the composition and activity of gut microbiota conferring health benefits.38 Prebiotics are carbohydrates including fructooligosaccharides (FOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), inulin, and fructans. Fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides have been the compounds mainly investigated as prebiotics. These compounds possess many properties, such as the stimulation of beneficial indigenous gut bacteria, production of short-chain fatty acids, modulation of the immune response, modification of gene expression in bacterial cells in cecum, colon, and feces, enhancement of absorption of micronutrients in colon, and the modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes.38 Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis was claimed to exert an antitumorigenic activity in azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. There is also a report that the administration of inulin could reduce the cecal pH.60
Calorie restriction in combination with prebiotic supplementation in obese women with depression: effects on metabolic and clinical response
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Elnaz Vaghef-Mehrabany, Fatemeh Ranjbar, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Sonia Hosseinpour-Arjmand, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
Calorie-restricted diets are the first line of treatment for obesity, with established beneficial effects on obesity-related metabolic complications. Calorie restriction can also exert anti-depressive effects, particularly when implemented for short term [13–15]. A couple of interventional studies have reported improved mood following calorie restriction and weight loss among obese subjects with multiple sclerosis (an average intake of 78% of Cal needs/week for 8 weeks) [16], healthy obese volunteers (1000–1200 Cal/day for 14 weeks) [17], and non-obese individuals (25% Cal restriction for either 6 months or 2 years) [18,19]. Prebiotics are substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit [20]. There is some evidence supporting the beneficial effects of prebiotics supplementation on obesity, features of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Supplementing obese women with 0.14 g/kg fructooligosaccharides for 4 months decrease body weight, waist circumference, fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting insulin, homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) [21]. In another clinical trial, receiving 10 g/day of inulin for 8 weeks decreased FBS, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), while increased HDL-C in obese diabetic patients [22,23]. Only a few clinical trials have examined the effects of prebiotics on psychological well-being, and some of them have found promising results; taking 10 g/day of resistant dextrin for 8 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS) and general health questionnaire (GHQ) scores compared to placebo, in diabetic female patients [24].