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Postulated Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles on Motility
Published in Edwin E. Daniel, Neuropeptide Function in the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2019
Hans-Dieter Allescher, Sultan Ahmad
Besides these endogenous sources, there are exogenous opioids which might be of physiological importance as constituents of food such as digested gluten421,422 and milk.423–425 β-casomorphin, a peptide consisting of seven amino acids, has been demonstrated as a cleavage product of the casein protein of milk and might be a physiological source of exogenous opioid-like material,425 These exorphins have been shown to cause changes in peptide and hormone release and exocrine responses of the pancreas probably via a systemic action.426,427
Abstinent Food Plans for Processed Food Addiction
Published in Joan Ifland, Marianne T. Marcus, Harry G. Preuss, Processed Food Addiction: Foundations, Assessment, and Recovery, 2017
Joan Ifland, Harry G. Preuss, Marianne T. Marcus, Wendell C. Taylor, Kathleen M. Rourke, H. Theresa Wright, Kathryn K. Sheppard
The limitation of the term high fat/high sugar is that it leaves out addictive substances such as artificial sweeteners, salt, caffeine, and food additives. It also leaves out low-fat dairy, which contains casomorphine. It also seems to leave out gluten and flour.
Alternative Autism
Published in Michael Fitzpatrick, Mmr And Autism, 2004
The ‘opioid excess’ theory was subsequently taken up by advocates of dietary intervention in autism. In the 1960s the American psychiatrist F.C.Dohan claimed that restricting wheat and dairy products to patients with schizophrenia and children with behavioural disorders resulted in a general improvement. In the early 1980s, the Norwegian biochemist Kalle Reichelt and his colleagues claimed that they had identified abnormal peptides with an opioid effect in the urine of patients with schizophrenia and autism (Reichelt et al 1991). They further claimed that these peptides were the result of the incomplete breakdown of certain proteins in cereal and dairy products: gliadomorphin (from gliaden or gluten in cereal grains) and casomorphin (from casein in milk) (Reichelt et al 1993). They proposed that, in children with autism, bowel inflammation resulting from gluten sensitivity allowed opioid peptides to enter the circulation and produce autistic symptoms, by acting on opiate receptors in the brain. They further postulated that, during pregnancy, circulating opioid peptides derived from the maternal diet could pass across the placenta and, at a critical stage, damage the developing brain of the fetus, producing autism as a result.
Maternal breastfeeding and autism spectrum disorder in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Ping-Tao Tseng, Yen-Wen Chen, Brendon Stubbs, Andre F. Carvalho, Paul Whiteley, Chia-Hung Tang, Wei-Cheng Yang, Tien-Yu Chen, Dian-Jeng Li, Che-Sheng Chu, Wei-Chieh Yang, Hsin-Yi Liang, Ching-Kuan Wu, Cheng-Fang Yen, Pao-Yen Lin
Outside of any neurotrophic or hormone theory, insufficient intake of ‘beneficial’ omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) derived, either from the mother during pregnancy or from breastfeeding during the infant period, may also play an important role in ASD. Both of these PUFAs are abundant in the colostrum, which is secreted during the first 2–3 days after delivery. The higher risk of ASD in children with late initiation of breastfeeding provides evidence for a potential nutrition theory of the development of ASD.7,11 This hypothesis could be confirmed by two way, one is the significantly lower PUFAs levels noted in ASD compared with controls,33 and also the improvement of ASD severity after PUFAs supplementation.34 Drawing also on hypotheses linking cases of ASD to issues with casein, the primary milk protein, the idea that constitutional differences between breast milk and alternatives may play a role in the findings should also be further explored. Ideas related to casein peptide fractions (beta-casomorphin 1–7) present in supplementary milks related to non-breastfeeding contributing to delayed infantile psychomotor development have been previously discussed.35 There may also be other influences potentially relevant to the positive impact of breast milk including a potential effect on the programing of the infant gut microbiome.
Genetic predictors of celiac disease, lactose intolerance, and vitamin D function and presence of peptide morphins in urine of children with neurodevelopmental disorders
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Katarina Bojović, Biljana Stanković, Nikola Kotur, Dijana Krstić-Milošević, Vladimir Gašić, Sonja Pavlović, Branka Zukić, Đurđica Ignjatović
In the control group, gluten exorphins and CM3, CM4am, and CM7 were not detected. Low amounts of CM4 (176–192 pmol/mmol creatinine) and CM8 (32 pmol/mmol creatinine) were detected in the control group. Since CM4 was detected in only two controls and CM8 in other three controls, these values were considered as outliers. For all morphins, any value higher than 0 pmol/mmol creatinine was considered as elevation. Elevation in one or more morphins was detected in urine samples of 77.7% of NDD patients (21/27). Casomorphin levels were elevated in 61.5% of NDD patients compared to 19.2% of healthy children. Gluten exorphins were elevated in 30.8% of NDD patients and 0% of healthy children. In particular, the significant increase in the level of CM8 and GEC was noted in NDD compared with the control group (Mann–Whitney U test, P = 0.004 and P = 0.005, respectively) (Figure 2). It must be emphasized that each patient had specific combination of detected morphins.
The protective effect of beta-casomorphin-7 via promoting Foxo1 activity and nuclear translocation in human lens epithelial cells
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2018
Lihua Zhu, Jia Li, Dayang Wu, Bing Li
Beta-casomorphin-7 (β-CM-7) is an amino peptide that is extracted from milk. It has antioxidant and hypoglycaemic effects. Studies have shown that β-CM-7 can reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, increase SOD and catalase (CAT) activity, and reduce oxidative stress levels in vivo and in vitro20. However, its role in DC has not been studied.