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Perspectives of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) in a Pharmacotherapeutic Context
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Tomy Muringayil Joseph, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, P. Mereena Luke, Józef T. Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas
The cashew tree consists of the cashew nut (which is a curved edible seed, housed in a honeycomb-like shell), the apple, leaf, and bark. The nut consists of an outer shell, inner shell, and the kernel. The nut was too hard to digest and was later expelled with the droppings. The thickness of the cashew nutshell (CNS) is about 1/8 inch (0.32 cm). The Cashew tree is of great economic significance to Nigeria and other tropical countries due to its valuable products [1]. These products are utilized in food, medicine, chemical, and allied industries. In addition to providing shade, the cashew tree is an embellished ornamental plant that suitably controls soil erosion. Usually, it takes about 3–4 years from planting time before fruiting. Thereafter, the tree can live up to 40 years and more [2]. The cashew fruit is unusual in comparison with other tree nuts since the nut is outside the fruit. The cashew apple which is about 10 cm long is an edible false fruit, attached to the externally born nut by a stem. Its color ranges from yellow to red, fibrous in nature, very juicy, sweet, pungent, and high in vitamins A and C [3]. In its raw state, CNS, which is leathery in nature, contains the vesicant oily liquid. The shell is separated from the kernel by the testa which is a thin skin surrounding the kernel. The soft honeycomb matrix, in between the outer and inner shell, contains a dark brown liquid, which is known as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). CNSL is dark viscous oil with a characteristic smell, quite unlike other vegetable oils. It is opaque and when applied as a thin film, it is reddish-brown in color. It is immiscible with water but is miscible with most organic solvents. CNSL has germicidal and fungicidal properties. It is used traditionally as a cure for fungal attack of the feet in India [4]. The physicochemical characteristics of CNSL are depicted in Table 6.1.
The onset and progression of alcohol use disorders: A qualitative study from Goa, India
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2019
Nathalie Mackinnon, Urvita Bhatia, Abhijit Nadkarni
The study was conducted in the state of Goa, one of India’s smallest states, with a population of just over 1.4 million people (Government of India, 2011). Goa ranks fourth in the National Human Development Index, with one of the lowest poverty indicators in the country (Gandhi et al., 2011). Alcoholic drinks are easily available here at cheaper rates than in neighboring states due to lower excise duties (Patel, Dourado, De Souza, & Dias Saxena, 2001) and local production of alcohol from the cashew fruit.