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Toxic Shock Syndrome and Other Related Severe Infections
Published in Botros Rizk, A. Mostafa Borahay, Abdel Maguid Ramzy, Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Gynecologic Emergencies, 2020
Although primarily associated with tampon use during menstruation, TSS is a condition broadly implicated across many disciplines. In fact, TSS was first described in a pediatric population presenting with a shock characterized by desquamating rash, hypotension, and multisystem dysfunction [88]. By the early 1980s, however, epidemiologic studies tied TSS to menstruation, with one study finding that women accounted for 37 of 38 surveyed cases and that almost all women presented during their menstrual cycle [89]. This hallmark study also discovered the connection between TSS and tampon usage: 34 of 35 cases of TSS in menstruating women occurred in tampon users [89]. Several public health measures emerged from these findings, including the removal of highly absorbent tampons with cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose from the market. Since that time, the proportion of TSS associated with menstruation has declined. One study analyzing 61 TSS cases between 2000 and 2006 found that female patients accounted for 48 of the cases; however, only 33 of these patients were menstrual [90]. The same study found the incidence of menstrual TSS to be 0.69 per 100,000 women, with patients aged 13 to 24 years most affected with incidence rates of 1.41 per 100,000 [90].
The effect of seprafilm on adhesions in strabismus surgery — an experimental study
Published in Jan-Tjeerd de Faber, 28th European Strabismological Association Meeting, 2020
Seyhan B. Özkan, Erkin Kır, Nil Culhacı, Volkan Dayanır
Seprafilm is an absorbable membrane composed of sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethylcellulose both of which are anionic polysaccharides. Hyaluronate is ubiquitously present in soft tissues, synovial fluid, umbilical cord and vitreous. Carboxymethylcellulose has widespread application in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
ExperimentaL Oral Medicine
Published in Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy, Handbook of Experimental Stomatology, 2020
Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy
The classic constellation of findings in the Pierre Robin syndrome is micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate associated with respiratory obstruction. Along with these may be other minor malformations such as syndactyly or major anomalies such as achondroplasia, congenital amputations, and congenital heart disease. Although the exact etiology of the Pierre Robin syndrome remains obscure, Cooke133 has successfully reproduced the syndrome in chickens. Fertile white Leghorn eggs were incubated at 38°C. From 0.25 to 0.50 mg deoxyguanosine in a suspension of 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose was injected into the yolk sac on the 4th day of incubation by needle puncture into the blunt end of 40 eggs that were candled daily. From the 10th day on, dead embryos were inspected and gross abnormalities recorded. Embryos surviving the 18th day were also examined.
Research progress of ophthalmic preparations of immunosuppressants
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ye Liu, Haonan Xu, Na Yan, Zhan Tang, Qiao Wang
As a lubricant and viscosity-enhancing agent in artificial tears, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is one of the most commonly used cellulose derivatives with carboxymethyl groups (Coursey et al., 2015). CMC can attach itself to corneal epithelial cells and increase the residence time on the cornea because of its mucoadhesive property. Poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) was alternately deposited to prepare the CMC coating. 1% PVA could confer well-dispersed tacrolimus microcrystals (TAC-MCs) with hexagonal plate-like shapes. Nonspherical TAC-MCs were synthesized by precipitation method and layer-by-layer coated with CMC to produce TAC- (PAH/CMC)3. As a rule of thumb, TAC-MCs measure 8.90 ± 0.35 µm in length and 3.89 ± 0.19 µm in width. TAC- (PAH/CMC)3, followed by TAC MCs, had the higher therapeutic efficiency than the commercial eye drops Talymus®, which includes improvement of preservation of tissue structure, clinical dry eye signs, and suppression of the expression of representative inflammatory mediators. TAC- (PAH/CMC)3 is notable for its superior therapeutic performance compared with Talymus®, which is attributed to the lubricant, mucoadhesive effect of CMC, the non-spherical geometry of MCs, and the anti-inflammatory function of tacrolimus (Zhang et al., 2020).
Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity assessment of 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in mice
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Dievya Gohil, Girish Ch. Panigrahi, Saurabh Kumar Gupta, Khushboo A. Gandhi, Poonam Gera, Preeti Chavan, Deepak Sharma, Santosh Sandur, Vikram Gota
Westfall and team (1961), reported a LD50 of 2.5mg/kg in mice, however, no information about the route of administration or duration of dosing was specified (Westfall et al. 1961). To our knowledge, the study by Aithal and group (2012), is the only one to have systematically determined single-dose, intravenous (iv) acute toxicity of 5NQ, wherein they reported an iv LD50 of 4.18mg/kg in healthy mice (Aithal et al. 2012). Further, using tritium labeled 5NQ, they studied the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the drug at an iv dose of 0.02mg/kg and reported the iv-plasma half-life of 5NQ to be approximately 2h. They found the highest distribution of 5NQ to be in the kidneys followed by the liver and also reported significant nephrotoxicity in 5NQ (1mg/kg for 7days) treated mice (Aithal et al. 2011). Furthermore, the therapeutic effect of 5NQ has also been studied using the intraperitoneal (ip) route of administration. Intraperitoneal administration of 5NQ at doses in the range of 1–4mg/kg for 10days was reported to be safe and did not cause mortality due to toxicity (Ourique et al. 2015, Wang et al. 2018). Only one study has reported that oral administration of 5NQ at 0.05mg/kg in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is safe and effective against colon carcinoma when administered for 60days (Seetha et al. 2020, 2021), but no information regarding its toxic effects on other organs was available.
L-Carnitine alleviates hepatic and renal mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic progression induced by letrozole in female rats through modulation of Nrf-2, Cyt c and CASP-3 signaling
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Neven Hassan, Maha Rashad, Ebtihal Elleithy, Zainab Sabry, Ghada Ali, Sherif Elmosalamy
In the current experiment, 24 female albino rats of average bodyweight 200–250 gm showing 4–5 days normal estrus cycle were selected and randomly divided into four groups (n = 6). Group (1) served as a control and was orally administrated by oral gavage with 0.5% aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Group (2) was orally gavaged with LTZ at the concentration of 1 mg/kg dissolved in 0.5% CMC for 21 days and allowed for 14 days recovery period. Group (3) was orally given LTZ (1 mg/kg) dissolved in 0.5% CMC) for 21 days followed by LC that was orally gavaged at dose of (100 mg/kg) for 14 days, Group (4) was orally given 0.5% aqueous solution of CMC for 21 days followed by oral administration of LC (100 mg/kg) for 14 days. All applications were carried out daily, and the experiment was extended for 35 days. Vaginal smears were taken daily to assess estrous cyclicity. Eventually, animals were anesthetized on the 35th day of the experiment, and blood samples were collected, then animals were decapitated, and organs (liver and kidney) were collected for histopathological examination and OS and gene expression assessment.