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Macronutrientst, Micronutrients, and Metabolism
Published in Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra, Psychology of Eating, 2019
Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra
The next class of sugars is disaccharides, so named because they have two core monosaccharide rings joined by an oxygen bridge (Figure 2.3). The most common include: Sucrose (common or cane sugar) = glucose joined to fructoseMaltose (malt sugar) = glucose joined to glucoseLactose (milk sugar) = glucose joined to galactose.When these disaccharides are eaten, they first have to be broken apart by digestive enzymes in the gut into the component monosaccharides which are then absorbed into the blood stream. The globally common condition of lactose intolerance, symptoms of which include diarrhea and bloating, occurs because the enzyme that breaks lactose apart is not present after infancy. Since mother’s milk is the natural food of all infants, very early life loss of this enzyme would have been selected against evolutionarily. Most adults with lactose intolerance can eat milk products if the lactose is broken down by prior fermentation, such as in production of yogurt or kefir.
Impact of Lifestyle Medicine on Dysglycemia-Based Chronic Disease
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
A. Michael, Jeffrey I. Mechanick
Starches and simple sugars constitute the bulk of dietary carbohydrate in the majority of eating patterns. Starch molecules are large multimers of glucose that are hydrolyzed during digestion for absorption, distribution, and utilization. As a result, only glucose is produced during starch hydrolysis. In contrast, hydrolysis of sucrose, or cane sugar, yields 50% glucose and 50% fructose by weight. The relatively small amount of glycogen that is present in meat is also hydrolyzed to glucose, though this represents only a minor portion of dietary glucose.
What can we do now?
Published in Théodore H MacDonald, Removing the Barriers to Global Health Equity, 2018
The same, of course, goes for sugar (countries such as Jamaica being the natural home of sugar cane and cane sugar only costing a third as much to produce as beet sugar in Europe) and now for a whole range of food crops, especially grains. The neoliberals have the market sown up, and although adversely affected by such factors as global warming and changing dietary habits of millions of Asians, they can continue to garner spectacular profits, while most people are experiencing shortages.
Effect of experimental and commercial artificial saliva formulations on the activity and viability of microcosm biofilm and on enamel demineralization for irradiated patients with head and neck cancer (HNC)
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Natara Dias Gomes da Silva, Pedro Renato Bodo de Paiva, Talita Vaz Moreira Magalhães, Aline Silva Braga, Paulo Sérgio da Silva Santos, Flávio Henrique-Silva, Ana Carolina Magalhães, Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
The enamel samples were washed with PBS to remove non-adherent or dead bacteria and were transferred to microtubes containing 1 mL of sterile saline solution (NaCl 0.89%). The biofilms adhered to the enamel were dispersed by sonication for 30 s at 20 W (Unique, Brazil) and vortexed for 30 s (Phoenix Luferco, Brazil). The bacterial suspension of each experimental treatment was diluted to 10−5 and spread on Petri dishes (25 μL dish−1, in duplicate) containing four different types of sterile agar: (1) Brain Heart Infusion agar (BHI, Kasvi, Brazil) for total microorganisms; (2) Mitis Salivarius agar (MSA, Acumedia, Brazil) containing 20% sucrose and 1% potassium tellurite for total streptococci; (3) SB-20M (Saravia et al. 2013) containing 15 g of bacto-casitone (Kasvi, Brazil), 5 g of yeast extract (Kasvi, Brazil), 0.2 g of L-cysteine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), 0.1 g of sodium sulfite (Synth, Brazil), 20 g of sodium acetate (Synth, Brazil), 200 g of coarse granular cane sugar, 15 g of agar (Kasvi, Brazil) and 0.2 U mL−1 of bacitracin (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) for the determination of mutans streptococci (S. mutans and S. sobrinus); and (4) MRS agar (Kasvi, Brazil) to assess the number of Lactobacillus sp. The plates were incubated at 5% CO2 and 37 °C for 48 h. After this period, the CFU numbers were counted and transformed to log10 CFU mL−1.
Effect of wheat bran derived prebiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal transit, gut microbiota, and metabolic health: a randomized controlled trial in healthy adults with a slow gut transit
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Mattea Müller, Gerben D. A. Hermes, Canfora Emanuel E., Jens J. Holst, Erwin G. Zoetendal, Hauke Smidt, Freddy Troost, Frank G. Schaap, Steven Olde Damink, Johan W. E. Jocken, Kaatje Lenaerts, Ad A. M. Masclee, Ellen E. Blaak
This study was a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled parallel trial approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of Maastricht University Medical Center+ (METC 15-3-005) and was conducted according to the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration and in accordance with the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO). All patients provided verbal and written informed consent. Using block randomization, an independent researcher randomly allocated participants to AXOS or placebo group with stratification for age and sex. After inclusion, two clinical investigation days (CID) before and directly after the 12-week intervention were performed to asses primary and secondary outcomes (Supplemental Figure 1). Participants were asked to ingest 5 g of AXOS powder (Cargill, Minnetonka, Minnesota, U.S.) or 5 g maltodextrin (C-PharmDry™, Cargill) three times per day with their regular meals for 12 weeks. AXOS preparations consisted of 71% of dry matter (DM) AXOS (degree of polymerization of the main AXOS fraction varies between 2 and 15 (average degree of polymerization: 3–8)), 10–14% DM β-glucan and 1–3% DM ferulic acid. AXOS and maltodextrin were provided as off-white powder, prepackaged in identical opaque sachets to be dissolved in tap water insuring the double-blind study design. Compliance was checked by the number of returned empty sachets. Participants were instructed to maintain habitual food intake and physical activity pattern throughout the study monitored by the short questionnaire to asses health-enhancing physical activity28 and a weighed 3-day food record before and during the last week of the intervention (see supplementary methods). To asses gastrointestinal complaints, participants documented a 7-day gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaire including stool frequency and consistency using the Bristol stool scale (BSS)29 the week before and during the last week of intervention. Quality of life was assessed via the 36‐Item short form healthy survey of quality of life30 before and after the intervention (see supplementary methods). Two days prior to the CIDs, participants were asked to refrain from intense physical activity, alcohol and natural 13C-enriched products (e.g. pineapple, corn, and cane sugar).