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Potential of Fenugreek in Management of Kidney and Lung Disorders
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Amit D. Kandhare, Anwesha A. Mukherjee-Kandhare, Subhash L. Bodhankar
Renal toxicity can be associated with exposure to many chemicals or pesticides (Scammell et al. 2019; Valcke et al. 2017). Aluminum is one of the metals widely distributed in the environment and routinely used in daily life. It is also utilized for the purification of drinking water. However, an overdose of aluminum may lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevated oxidative stress, damaging renal tubular cells (Al Dera 2016). Similarly, sodium nitrite, widely used as a food preservative, is reported to induce oxidative stress, which causes DNA damage in kidney tissue (Uslu, Uslu, and Adalı 2019). Additionally, chronic exposure to various pesticides such as cypermethrin, paraquat dichloride, and captan are also documented to induce nephrotoxicity via elevated ROS in renal tissue (Sushma and Devasena 2010).
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
It is advised to not cook food in aluminum cookware as the ingestion of aluminum can be harmful to the kidneys. In addition, it can deplete the body of phosphorus and calcium, weakening the bones.
Vaccine Adjuvants in Immunotoxicology
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Aluminum compounds are known to be among the adjuvants used first in vaccines. It is a known fact that aluminum salt (Al(OH)3 and Al(PO)4) can trigger IgG with a relatively long-lasting immunity, ease of formulation and long-term reliability (Gül and Dikmen-Yurdakök 2019; Singh and Hagan 1999; Vecchi et al. 2012). There must be physical contact between an antigen and aluminum compounds, in other words, antigens must be absorbed to aluminum molecules in order for the aluminum compounds to have an adjuvant effect (Yurdakök and İnce 2008). Aluminum adjuvants slow down the diffusion of an antigen from an injection site, thereby saving time for the accumulation of inflammatory cells and enhancing the immune response. Therefore, it increases the uptake of the antigen by APCs (Gül and Dikmen-Yurdakök 2019).
In-depth review of delivery carriers associated with vaccine adjuvants: current status and future perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2023
Yarong Zeng, Feihong Zou, Ningshao Xia, Shaowei Li
As the first approved adjuvant for human vaccines, aluminum adjuvant is extensively used with various antigens; however, its immune response behavior varies across immunogens [120]. It demonstrates weaker performance against peptides, recombinant subunit proteins in monomeric form (e.g. varicella zoster virus glycoprotein E), nucleic acids, and other antigens compared to recombinant multimerized antigen VLPs. Furthermore, the dominant Th2 response ‘deactivates’ aluminum adjuvants against intracellular viruses (e.g. HIV), bacterial infections, and tumor therapy. The prevailing hypothesis involves the reservoir effect, which includes activation of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes and complement activation [121]. Thus, it has been suggested that the adjuvant action mechanism may result from multiple pathways acting together. In the body’s immune response, the adaptive immune response primarily relies on the level and specificity of the initial ‘danger’ signal perceived by the innate immune cells after infection or vaccination. Guy posits that adjuvant initiation of an effective immune response necessitates different signals, which can be classified into signal 0 (antigen recognition and APC activation), signal 1 (antigen presentation), and signal 2 (co-stimulation) according to the type of Th activated, activating Th0, Th1, and Th2 cells (Figure 3) [19,122,123].
Analytical review on the biocompatibility of surface-treated Ti-alloys for joint replacement applications
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
The ideal orthopedic biomaterials have a complex chemical composition that needs to show the least or no cytotoxic potential. They should also not cause a prolonged hypersensitive reaction in the body. For example, Nickel is not compatible with biological responses [52]. Compared to other prominent metallic biomaterials, commercially pure titanium has excellent biological compatibility. However, wear events may lead to cytotoxic Ni, Co, and Cr ions being released into the body, although cobalt alloys are highly corrosion-resistant fatigue, and crack resistant. Kevalar et al. cautioned orthopedic surgeons, that debris wear due to loosening Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) at THA sites could lead to osteogenic sarcoma. So far, this has been rare [53]. Ti6Al4V, the most frequently used titanium alloy, poses various biocompatibility problems. Kawahara et al [54]. showed that a possible relation between aluminum and neurotoxicity might lead to Alzheimer’s disease. Moreover, anemia can also be caused by aluminum toxicity [55]. Although further research is necessary, safety concerns have been noted around vanadium exposure [56].
Evaluation of 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity of aluminum chloride in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Je-Oh Lim, Tae-Yang Jung, Se-Jin Lee, So-Won Park, Woong-Il Kim, Sung-Hyeuk Park, Je-Hein Kim, Jeong-Doo Heo, Yong-Bum Kim, In-Sik Shin, Jong-Choon Kim
Aluminum and its compounds are major constituents of the Earth’s crust, comprising approximately 8% of the minerals found on the Earth’s surface (ATSDR 2008, Willhite et al. 2014). Aluminum is light in weight and is durable because the surfaces of products made from this element are oxidized to form a thin protective coating of aluminum oxide. Aluminum metal and its alloys are used extensively in construction, transportation, packaging, and electrical equipment. Several chemical compounds containing aluminum are extensively used in various products and processes associated with human activities. These compounds are aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum nitrate, aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate, aluminum potassium sulfate, aluminum ammonium sulfate, and aluminum silicate (Igbokwe et al. 2019). Owing to the increased production and widespread use of aluminum and its compounds, human exposure to aluminum products has steadily increased, which may result in adverse health effects. Aluminum has not been classified with respect to carcinogenicity; however, ‘aluminum production’ has been classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group I) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IRIS 1999, ATSDR 2008).