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Myocardial Infarction/Heart Attack
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
D-Alpha Tocopherol: Researchers at Cambridge University in England reported that patients who had been diagnosed with coronary arteriosclerosis could lower their risk of having a heart attack by 77% by supplementing with 400 IU to 800 IU/day of the natural (d-alpha tocopherol) form of vitamin E.2
Effects of Food Processing, Storage, and Cooking on Nutrients in Plant-Based Foods
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) is the name of a group of eight different molecules that exhibit the antioxidant activity of alpha-tocopherol. The main source of vitamin E in the diet is vegetable oils, especially safflower and sunflower oils (Traber, 2006). Vitamin E is lipid-soluble and, like carotenoids, does not tend to leach out during processing, especially in those unit operations such as washing and blanching, which require the product to be immersed in water. Alpha-tocopherol levels actually increase immediately after blanching which may be explained by increased availability to the assay due to rupture of cell wall materials and remain relatively constant during frozen storage (Bouzari et al., 2015b). However, more severe heat processing, such as the conditions found in canning operations, seems to decrease levels of alpha-tocopherol to their fresh counterparts. For instance, alpha-tocopherol levels decreased by as much as 15%–20% during canning of tomato paste and asparagus compared to their fresh versions, whereas no decreases were detected in canned spinach or sweet potatoes (Rickman, Bruhn, et al., 2007). Conversely, alpha-tocopherol is well preserved in fruits and vegetables during freezing.
Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Vitamin E has two main functions including enzymatic and antioxidant activities (23, 69–74). As an enzymatic activity regulator, vitamin E inhibits the activity of protein kinase C (PKC), an enzyme involved in cell proliferation and differentiation in smooth muscle cells, platelets, and monocytes (69–74). Vitamin E also increases the expression of two enzymes, namely cytosolic phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase-1, that suppress arachidonic acid metabolism, thereby increasing the release of prostacyclin from the endothelium, which, in turn, dilates blood vessels and inhibits platelet aggregation in humans (70–71). A few other studies suggest that tocopherols appear to inhibit platelet aggregation through the inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) and the increased action of nitric oxide synthase (71). Another main activity of vitamin E is its antioxidant property. Alpha-tocopherol is a strong peroxyl radical scavenger and an inhibitor of oxidative stress, which can cause numerous chronic diseases like cancer, inflammatory diseases, and CVD. Thanks to its antioxidant effect, natural vitamin E in foods may prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. Details of the antioxidant property of vitamin E and its mechanism are developed in Chapter 4 of this book. In addition, natural vitamin E (RRR-α-tocopherol) possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregating, and immunostimulant properties, and is a regulating cell signaling agent as well as a modulating gene transcription compound (69–74).
The Vitamin E Isoform α-Tocopherol is Not Effective as a Complementary Treatment in Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Dorothee Retzlaff, Jennifer Dörfler, Sabine Kutschan, Maren Freuding, Jens Büntzel, Jutta Hübner
This systematic review is bound by certain limitations. It should first be mentioned that only studies in English or German language published until July 2020 with the design of a randomized controlled trial were included in this systematic review. Additionally, the heterogeneity of many studies and the resulting poor comparability should be taken into account. Furthermore, due to very heterogeneous data especially regarding patient characteristics and administered dose, no meta-analysis was performed on CIPN. In addition, it should be noted that alpha-tocopherol and vitamin E have often been used as synonyms. However, the different effects of the various tocopherols have become apparent, which is why a distinction must be made between alpha-tocopherol and vitamin E. Most of the included studies indicate that the substance administered is the vitamin E isoform alpha-tocopherol. In other studies, however, there is some uncertainty because the isoform administered is not mentioned in the article (9, 12, 14, 21, 24, 25, 28).
Effects of select dietary supplements on the prevention and treatment of viral respiratory tract infections: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Nafiseh Shokri-Mashhadi, Maryam Kazemi, Saeed Saadat, Sajjad Moradi
Our results in this review indicated that vitamin E supplementation might have a protective effect against viral RTIs [34,46,48,57]. Of note, the primary vitamin E supplementation source used in the reviewed studies was alpha-tocopherol, and participants were 65 years and older. Vitamin E has been proposed as a potent anti-inflammatory and immune regulator agent [96,97]. Numerous animal and human models revealed that vitamin E deficiency is associated with lower antibody status and impairs cell‐mediated immune functions [98,99]. In healthy individuals, vitamin E supplementation with a dose of 800 IU/day for eight weeks has been shown to reduce the expression of several cytokines, particularly monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [100]. Likewise, after the 12-week vitamin E supplementation with a dose of 400 IU/day, the gene expression of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was down-regulated in healthy women [101]. Short-term supplementation with high doses of dietary vitamin E leads to an increased CD4/CD8 ratio in chronic inflammatory conditions [102].
The Potential Physiological Role of γ-Tocopherol in Human Health: A Qualitative Review
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Mika D. Thompson, Robert V. Cooney
The Finnish Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study was the first large preventative clinical trial investigating the potential effects of low-dose (50 mg/day) α-tocopherol on various cancers. While preliminary findings demonstrated a protective effect against cancer, particularly prostate cancer, further post-trial follow-up analyses revealed no significant differences in cancer attributable to α-tocopherol supplementation (134). Moreover, Woodson et al. (135) reported a significant reduction in lung cancer incidence among individuals with elevated serum α-tocopherol at baseline; however, supplementation did not affect subsequent lung cancer incidence. The lack of notable findings from the ATBC Study may be a result of the low dosage administered to participants, which was generally much lower than the dosage of commonly sold Vitamin E supplements (136).