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Assessment of peripheral blood flow and vascular function
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume II – Exercise and Clinical Testing, 2022
Benjamin J. R. Buckley, Maxime Boidin, Dick H. J. Thijssen
Given the size of peripheral conduit arteries, typically varying between 2 and 10 mm (Thijssen et al., 2008), ultrasound can be used to visualise these arteries and to evaluate blood velocity. This allows for the evaluation of resting blood flow and vessel structure, but also the assessment of functional characteristics such as flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid artery reactivity (CAR). Ultrasound measures of vascular function typically use high-resolution duplex ultrasound with a 10–12 MHz probe, since most arteries of interest are relatively superficial (~2–5 cm depth). Duplex ultrasound provides a two-dimensional image of the vessel diameter (B-mode), combined with determination of blood flow velocity (Doppler; Figure 4.1.1) (Harris et al., 2010). A sonographer will optimise ultrasound parameters to achieve a satisfactory image of the artery, from which the ultra-sound probe’s position should be maintained for the remainder of the protocol. Training of the sonographer is important to guarantee high-quality output (Robbin et al., 2011). For research purposes, post-test analysis of the artery diameter and blood flow velocity is recommended to be performed using custom-designed edge-detection and wall-tracking software that is largely independent of investigator bias (Woodman et al., 2001).
Professional regulation
Published in Robert Jones, Fiona Jenkins, Managing and Leading in the Allied Health Professions, 2021
Over the next few years the register will grow considerably since its legislation does not restrict the number of professions it may regulate. There are many groups that have expressed an interest in being regulated by HPC, for example: Applied psychologists.Dance movement therapists.Medical illustrators.Clinical perfusionists.Clinical physiologists.Clinical technologists.Healthcare scientists.Sonographers.Sports therapists.Sports rehabilitation therapists.Psychotherapists.
Quality Aspects of Ultrasound
Published in Arianna D'Angelo, Nazar N. Amso, Ultrasound in Assisted Reproduction and Early Pregnancy, 2020
The AIUM suggests also to carry out detailed performance testing (in order to check cables, housing and transmitting surfaces, transducer uniformity, maximum depth of visualization, target detection, and distance measurement accuracy) on an annual basis. These procedures are generally performed by medical physicists or biomedical engineers who should work closely with sonographers. To organize and efficiently maintain the quality assurance program, it is advisable to designate an individual to be responsible for it.
Medical imaging training with eye movement modeling examples: A randomized controlled study
Published in Medical Teacher, 2023
Dogus Darici, Max Masthoff, Robert Rischen, Martina Schmitz, Hendrik Ohlenburg, Markus Missler
Performing sonography is highly examiner-dependent and produces noisy images that are often overlaid with artifacts (Klibanov and Hossack 2015). These images usually contain abstract, four-dimensional and spatially dynamic visual information from which the examiner must quickly extract sonoanatomical landmarks and pathologies from different perspectives and virtually reassemble them in a diagnostically meaningful way (Quien and Sarc, 2018). Therefore, the successful application of ultrasound poses high demands on the manual and visual skills of the examiner, the mastering of which requires long training and a considerable amount of practical experience (Waite et al. 2019). Since novices lack the routine in image inspection, they usually have difficulties detecting meaningful patterns in the sonographic “snow flurry.” Sonography is therefore a perfect role model to explore the feasibilities of new tools sailing out to help medical imaging training.
Urinary orosomucoid is associated with diastolic dysfunction and carotid arteriopathy in the general population. Cross-sectional data from the Tromsø study
Published in Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 2022
Runa M. Andreassen, Jens B. Kronborg, Henrik Schirmer, Ellisiv B. Mathiesen, Toralf Melsom, Bjørn O. Eriksen, Trond G. Jenssen, Marit D. Solbu
At the second visit of Tromsø 6, 7083 participants underwent a full carotid scan with measurements of IMT and plaque characteristics with GE Health Care Vivid 7 duplex scanners with M12L transducers (5.6–14 MHz linear transducer). Trained sonographers performed the examinations. IMT was measured in the near and far wall of the distal right common carotid artery and in the far wall of the bifurcation [28], and the average of the mean value of three separate measurements in each of these segments is presented as mean IMT. The presence of plaque (n = 3290) was assessed in the near and far walls of the distal common carotid artery, the carotid bifurcation and the internal carotid artery. A plaque was defined as a localized thickening of the vessel wall of more than 50% compared with the adjacent IMT. Plaque area was calculated by outlining each area, and the sum of all plaque areas in the six arterial segments was defined as total plaque area (TPA). The distribution of TPA was skewed, and TPA was square root transformed to approximate normal distribution. The inter- and intraobserver reproducibility has been published previously [30,31].
The impact of exercise therapy and abdominal binding in the management of diastasis recti abdominis in the early post-partum period: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2021
Nadia Keshwani, Sunita Mathur, Linda McLean
Eight participants were randomly assigned to each of four groups: 1) exercise therapy alone; 2) abdominal binding alone; 3) exercise therapy and abdominal binding (combination therapy); and 4) control (no intervention), using a computerized, constrained, random allocation. Randomization and revealment of group assignment occurred after the first evaluation session, and was carried out by one of the study investigators (NK) who was not involved in data collection. A separate research assistant who remained blinded to group assignment was responsible for all assessments. A registered sonographer with over 15 years of experience in gynecological, obstetrical, and musculoskeletal imaging performed all ultrasound imaging assessments, and a registered physiotherapist with over 10 years of experience administered all questionnaires and performed the abdominal muscle function evaluation. The sonographer received over 30 hours of hands-on training on the imaging protocol by a study investigator (NK) and the physiotherapist received over 15 hours of hands-on instruction on administration of the questionnaires and on the functional evaluation procedures.