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Salivary Gland Anatomy
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Superficial to the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries lie the corresponding veins, which unite to form the retromandibular vein within the gland. The retromandibular vein emerges from the lower pole of the gland and divides into two branches. The anterior branch joins the facial vein before entering the internal jugular vein. The posterior branch joins the posterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein. The division may occur within the gland and two branches emerge from the lower pole.
Venae spermaticae post aures: The early modern angiology-neurology of virility
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
These problems of textual survival and inconsistency seem symbolic for the evidently rich tapestry of medieval discourses on generation, varying between adherence to, alternatives to, and rejection of Galen’s “pangenetic” view on generation, allowing variously critical roles for the central nervous system (Loviconi 2022). This is well illustrated by the various opinions summarized by Gilbertus Anglicus (1510, cclxxxviir ff.). A middle-English example is Henry Daniel’s Liber Uricrisiarum 3:17 (c. 1375–1382), which gives, “Sperma hath his first grounde and bygynnynge at þe principal membre of lif, s. in þe cerebre … and so passeth forth to þe generatiues, s. to þe reyns and to the ballokkes” (Daniel 2020, 260–261). The veins in question were pivotal in many discussions and identified as vv. iuueniles, “juvenile veins” (guaranteeing the virtus of youth?), at least by Avicenna (noted Arnaldus de Villanova 1483, n.p.), Haly Abbas (Ali ibn al-Abbas al-Majusi, as noted Gabriele Zerbi 1502, 77v), Constantine, the twelfth-century Schola Medica Salernitana—indeed, likely most medieval authors (Lesky 1950a, 1238–1239)—and as opposed to the vv. iuueniles pulsatiles or iuueniles arteriæ (or carotides). Most authors seem to have meant the exterior seu superficaria jugularis of Vesalius (as he considered in 1543, incorr. p. 270).5Medieval Middle-Eastern ophthalmologists reportedly cut the superficial temporal arteries and the posterior auricular veins. Early modern suggestions that the vessels of Aer. 22 would have been arteries are complicated by the fact that arteriotomy may not have been explicitly referenced until the second century ce, in the work of Celsus. Jean Bodin identified the vessels as venæ cephalicæ (!?), although the French translation had veines parotides. Nordhausen physician Philipp Grüling (1593–1667) indicted the vena temporalis, tweaking Hp. Genit. 2.2 to read juxta aures rather than post aures (1670, 16).