China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Cardiovascular System and its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Numerous diagnostic procedures, ranging from simple auscultation to specialized invasive techniques, are used to detect cardiovascular diseases and abnormalities. The simplest classification of procedures begins with those that are noninvasive and require little preparation of the patient. Techniques such as phonocardiography (recording heart sounds to localize a disorder) and echocardiography (imaging the heart using ultrasonic waves) are safe, cause no discomfort to the patient, and carry no risk, yet they extend the clinical information available for diagnosis. A second group, which includes treadmill stress testing, also uses noninvasive measures, but the patient requires preparation and is at some risk. Invasive techniques like cardiac catheterization are not routine extensions of the clinical examination and are reserved for problems that cannot be resolved without them.
Fetal Physical Parameters
Published in Sujoy K. Guba, Bioengineering in Reproductive Medicine, 2020
Phonocardiography emerged form conventional auscultation using a stethoscope. Detecting the fetal heart sound with a regular stethoscope or the rigid “fetoscope” is not always easy and possible only after about 22 weeks of pregnancy. Additional difficulties arise in counting the heart rate and also differentiating from sounds of blood flow. The low intensity of the sound is the principal source of problems. In order to overcome the limitations of standard auscultation attempts were made to place a microphone near the earpiece of the stethoscope and to electronically amplify the microphone output and convert it back into sound at a higher level of loudness by means of an earphone. Results were considerably better when the microphone was placed directly in contact with the maternal abdominal surface instead of coupling through an air column present in the stethoscope tube.
Pressure waveforms in the cardiac cycle
Published in John Edward Boland, David W. M. Muller, Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Catheterisation, 2019
John Edward Boland, David W. Baron
Valve motion causes a series of characteristic heart sounds that can be detected by auscultation or phonocardiography, as described in Figure 14.7b. The atrioventricular valves close with a loud slap at the very beginning of ventricular systole: This is called the first heart sound. The aortic and pulmonary valves close audibly when systole ends: This is called the second heart sound. To a certain extent the first and second heart sounds may be ‘split’, due to asynchronous closure of the mitral/tricuspid or aortic/pulmonary valves. This splitting is more marked on inspiration and is usually never wide (<0.03 seconds). Wide splitting of the second sound may occur in right bundle block, pulmonary stenosis, atrial septal defect, or anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (the last two causing fixed splitting). Paradoxical splitting of the second sound may occur in tetralogy of Fallot and truncus arteriosus.
Arterial stiffness measured by cardio-ankle vascular index in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2019
Jinju Kim, Su-Yeon Choi, Boram Park, Hyo Eun Park, Heesun Lee, Min Jeong Kim, Sun Mie Kim, Kyu Ri Hwang, Young Min Choi
One trained medical professional measured CAVI using a VaSera VS-1000 (Fukuda Denshi Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) by previously described methods (Park et al. 2012; Park et al. 2013). Briefly, the measurement was performed with the participant in the supine position after resting for 10 min. BP cuffs were applied to both upper arms and ankles, and oscillometric BP readings from VaSera were obtained. Electrocardiogram leads were attached to both wrists, and heart sounds were evaluated by phonocardiography of the chest. PWV was obtained by dividing the vascular length by the time taken for the pulse wave to travel from the aortic valve to the ankle. CAVI was converted from PWV using the following equation: CAVI = a {(2ρ/ΔP) × ln (Ps/Pd) × PWV2} + b. In this equation, a and b are constants, ρ is blood density, ΔP is Ps – Pd, Ps is systolic BP, and Pd is diastolic BP. The average value of right and left CAVI was used for the analysis. Although to a lesser degree than PWV, theoretically, CAVI may have had slight BP dependence in recent studies, and the corrected index CAVI0 was proposed (Spronck, Avolio, et al. 2017; Spronck, Mestanik, et al. 2017). We additionally analysed the data with CAVI0.
Relation between fragmented QRS complex and cardio-ankle vascular index in asymptomatic subjects
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2021
Ali Rıza Akyüz, Sinan Şahin, Ömer Faruk Çırakoğlu, Selim Kul, Turhan Turan, Hakan Erkan
Arterial stiffness was assessed by using cardio ankle vascular index (CAVI). It was measured by VaSera VS-1000 CAVI instrument. (Fukuda Denshi Co Ltd, Tokyo) as previously described. The CAVI was measured in the morning after 12 hours of fasting. Briefly, cuffs were applied to bilateral upper arms and ankles, with the patient supine and the head held in the midline position. After 10 minutes of resting, measurements were performed. Electrography, phonocardiography, and pressures and wave forms of brachial and ankle arteries were measured. Thereafter, CAVI was calculated automatically. An abnormal CAVI was defined as CAVI≥9
Relationship between Brachial–Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity and Fundus Arteriolar Area Calculated Using a Deep-Learning Algorithm
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Kanae Fukutsu, Michiyuki Saito, Kousuke Noda, Miyuki Murata, Satoru Kase, Ryosuke Shiba, Naoki Isogai, Yoshikazu Asano, Nagisa Hanawa, Mitsuru Dohke, Manabu Kase, Susumu Ishida
The baPWV was measured in all patients (n = 372) using BP-203RPEII (Colin Co., Ltd., Japan) during a regular health check-up. Briefly, cuffs were applied to the four extremities and electrocardiographic electrodes were attached to the upper arm. A microphone was placed on the left second intercostal space for phonocardiography, and the patients rested in a supine position for 15 min.