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Hematopoietic System
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Kristin Henson, Tanasa Osborne, Gregory S. Travlos
Bone marrow cellularity is defined as the percentage of marrow space occupied by hematopoietic cells to the percentage of marrow space occupied by fat. Generally, marrow cellularity in rodents and large laboratory animal species is considered increased (hypercellular) if the marrow cavity is occupied by more than 75 percent cells, while cellularity is considered decreased (hypocellular) if the cavity is occupied by 25 percent or fewer cells (Cline and Maronpot 1985; Harvey 2001; MacKenzie and Eustis 1990). As marrow cellularity can vary with age and location, cellularity in dosed animals should be compared to marrow collected from the same anatomical site in concurrent controls (MacKenzie and Eustis 1990). In rats with marked hypercellularity, hematopoietic cells fill the marrow and may extend through the nutrient foramina into adjacent adipose tissue (MacKenzie and Eustis 1990). Changes in marrow cellularity may involve all cell lineages (pan-hyper or hypocellularity) or one or two lineages and should be categorized according to the lineage(s) involved.
The Articulations of the Lower Member
Published in Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause, Musculoskeletal Anatomy, 2009
Gene L. Colborn, David B. Lause
The arterial supply for the head and neck of the femur is derived primarily from rather small branches of the femoral circumflex and the gluteal arteries. These small vessels enter these parts of the bone by passing deep to the arching, loose posterior portion of the capsule of the hip joint. Thereafter, they enter the neck by numerous nutrient foramina and pass toward the head of the femur. In a fracture of the femoral neck, it is these vessels which may be torn, depriving the neck and head of their blood supply.
Detection and characterization of the accessory mental foramen using cone-beam computed tomography
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2018
Yihan Li, Xiangwen Yang, Bichu Zhang, Bin Wei, Yao Gong
The presence of the AMF was evaluated according to the following criteria:At least one additional buccal foramen, which was smaller than the ipsilateral MF in size, appeared on three-dimensionally reconstructed images of the mandible regardless of its location (Figure 1(a)).A bony canal, connecting the additional buccal foramen with the mandibular canal, was observed on axial images (Figure 1(b,c)) and coronal images (Figure 1(d)).Any additional buccal openings showing discontinuity with the mandibular canal were considered as nutrient foramina and excluded from the analysis.
Micro-architecture study of the normal odontoid with micro-computed tomography
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2020
Wei Wang, Zhijun Li, Yingna Qi, Lianxiang Chen, Ping Yi, Feng Yang, Xiangsheng Tang, Mingsheng Tan
Micro-CT images revealed that the odontoid has multilayered cortices, especially in the subchondral bone plate in the tip. This odontoid subchondral bone plate internal layer connects with rod-like trabeculae. The trabeculae maintain the marrow cavity of the odontoid from proximal to distal points. In coronal micro-CT images, the trabeculae ranges from a single-layer, internal subchondral bone plate to a multiple-layer, radially arranged structure. Micro-CT also revealed an ossification center forming a trabecular cavity whose micro-architecture was markedly different from that of normal trabecular bone. The 3D micro-CT images also revealed nutrient foramina in the superficial layers of the odontoid and into the subchondral bone.