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Temporal Region and Lateral Brow
Published in Ali Pirayesh, Dario Bertossi, Izolda Heydenrych, Aesthetic Facial Anatomy Essentials for Injections, 2020
Krishan Mohan Kapoor, Alberto Marchetti, Hervé Raspaldo, Shino Bay Aguilera, Natalia Manturova, Dario Bertossi
The anterior and posterior branches of the deep temporal artery travel with the middle temporal artery, deep in the temporalis muscle, diminishing in diameter on their upward journey. The middle part of the maxillary artery gives rise to the anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries, which run cranially between the temporalis muscle and the pericranium.These branches supply the temporalis muscle and anastomose with the branches of the middle temporal artery from the superficial temporal artery.The anterior deep temporal artery communicates with the branches of the lacrimal artery through small branches that perforate the greater wing of the sphenoid and zygomatic bones.
Beyond the obvious: Beauty optimization with botulinum toxin
Published in Anthony V. Benedetto, Botulinum Toxins in Clinical Aesthetic Practice, 2017
Arthur Swift, B. Kent Remington, Steve Fagien
Surgical Anatomy Pearls: The temporalis muscle as a muscle of mastication must be strongly anchored to the underlying temporal bone to generate significant upward pull on the coronoid process of the mandible. As such, the superior portion of the muscle is firmly adherent to the underlying bone and devoid of interposing fascia. The periosteum and deep fascia of the forehead (galea aponeurotica) as they traverse the upper face under the frontalis muscle cannot continue under the temporalis muscle and as such lie over the muscle as the deep and superficial temporal fascia respectively. This anatomical oddity, of a deep fascia lying on the surface of the muscle which bears its name, provides a resistant plane that is appreciably felt when penetrating the region with a needle. Overlying this fascia in the posterior leaves of the superficial temporal fascia are the superficial temporal vessels (arteries and veins) and specifically the frontal ramus of the superficial temporal artery. Located in the depth of the muscle are the anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries (branches of the internal maxillary artery, second division), the middle temporal artery (connecting the deep and superficial arterial system), and the prominent middle temporal vein approximately 2 cm above the zygomatic arch. Deposition of botulinum toxin deep to the fascial layer is mandatory to access the bulky deep muscle as outlined above, and will require a 30-gauge needle of minimum ½ inch length. Prudent technique would require aspiration before injection of toxin into the temporal muscle to minimize the possibility of intravascular washout limiting the clinical result. Post-injection pressure for several minutes, regardless of the appearance of blood through the puncture site, will diminish the possibility of delayed unsightly bruising.
A temporofrontal fascia flap that penetrated temporal muscle for the reconstruction of an anterior skull base bone and dura: a technical case report
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2019
Makoto Katsuno, Koichi Uchida, Akira Matsuno
However, there are some disadvantages. First, there is a potential for lack of blood flow to the pedicled flap. During the preparation of vascularised flaps, it is necessary to consider the surgical anatomy of the scalp and temporal muscle. The scalp consists of skin, subcutaneous tissue, the galea aponeurotica, subgaleal loose connective tissue and periosteum and it is supplied by several arteries such as the supraorbital, supratrochlear, superficial temporal, posterior auricular and occipital arteries, with connective arteries between each of these arteries to the skin and temporal muscle.1 As demonstrated in our clinical case, the pericranial flap sacrifices blood supply from the supraorbital or supratrochlear arteries. However, the blood supply to the pericranial flap is maintained by the temporal muscle fascia because the pericranium is firmly attached to the fascia of the deep temporalis muscle by connective arteries and tissues at the temporal line.1 The temporal muscle fascia is supplied from the middle temporal artery, a branch of the superficial temporal artery. This artery usually originates 0.5–2 cm below the zygomatic arch and enters the deep temporal fascia.2 From the anatomical point of view, the blood supply for a pedicled flap from the temporofrontal fascia to the frontal pericranium is maintained from the middle temporal artery by making the base of the pedicled flap parallel to the zygomatic bone. Therefore, the surgeon has to pay attention to preserve the connective arteries surrounding the temporal line in order to maintain blood supply to the pedicled flap.