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Development and anatomy of the venous system
Published in Peter Gloviczki, Michael C. Dalsing, Bo Eklöf, Fedor Lurie, Thomas W. Wakefield, Monika L. Gloviczki, Handbook of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders, 2017
The paired posterior cardinal veins originally extend into the region that will become the pelvis, and are joined together at the iliac anastomosis (Figure 2.1). Most of the posterior cardinal veins disappear; the most cranial portion on the right persists as the arch of the azygos. The very caudal portion of the posterior cardinal veins and iliac anastomosis form the common, external, and internal iliac veins and the median sacral vein. The posterior cardinal veins are mostly replaced by the ventral subcardinal and the dorsal supracardinal veins. Drainage of the more cranial region of the abdomen goes mostly into the subcardinal veins, and that of the more caudal portion goes into the supracardinal veins. Most of the azygos system develops from the supracardinal veins. Lastly, the veins of the left side generally regress, resulting in a right-sided inferior vena cava.
The Governor Vessel (GV)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Median (or Middle) sacral vein: Accompanies the median sacral artery on the ventral sacrum. The median sacral vein forms a single vein that drains either into the left common iliac vein or the junction of the two iliac veins.
Laparoscopic Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Published in Alexander R. Vaccaro, Christopher M. Bono, Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, 2007
Grigory Goldberg, Alexander R. Vaccaro
The location of the bifurcation of the great vessels is identified and the sigmoid colon mesentery is approached from the right side (Fig. 2). Before incising the sigmoid mesentery and posterior peritoneum in the midline, the location of the right and left ureter is confirmed. The right ureter courses over the right iliac artery and vein, and can be identified by peristalsis associated with the probing of this structure, whereas the left ureter lies deep in the sigmoid colon in the retroperitoneal space (10). After incising the posterior peritoneum longitudinally, blunt dissection is required to visualize the disc space of L5–S1 and the median sacral vessels. The median sacral vein and artery are ligated with vascular clips (Figs. 3 and 4) In male patients, the parietal peritoneum overlying the L5–S1 space is swept from the midline using a blunt dissection technique. Sharp dissection and monopolar cautery are avoided to prevent injury to the presacral sympathetic plexus, which might result in retrograde ejaculation.
Comprehensive overview of the venous disorder known as pelvic congestion syndrome
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Kamil Bałabuszek, Michał Toborek, Radosław Pietura
PCS symptoms may reoccur after ovarian vein embolisation from other tributaries in the venous network. Hasjim et al. reported recurrence of PCS symptoms four years after embolisation. Although the gonadal vein remained embolised, the recurrence was through the median sacral vein. Coil embolisation of the incompetent median sacral vein caused the resolution of symptoms [124].