China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Treatment of uncomplicated hemorrhoids
Published in P Ronan O’Connell, Robert D Madoff, Stanley M Goldberg, Michael J Solomon, Norman S Williams, Operative Surgery of the Colon, Rectum and Anus Operative Surgery of the Colon, Rectum and Anus, 2015
Contrary to popular belief, hemorrhoids are a normal part of human anatomy. The hemorrhoidal plexus has a role in the maintenance of continence; it is estimated to contribute up to 15–20 percent of the resting anal pressure and is important in providing a watertight seal.7 Treatment should only be undertaken for symptom control. The type of treatment depends on the degree of prolapse and severity of symptoms, with the aim of minimizing adverse effects.
Anatomy of the Rectum and Anus
Published in Laurence R. Sands, Dana R. Sands, Ambulatory Colorectal Surgery, 2008
José Marcio Neves Jorge, Newton Luiz T. Gasparetti
The perianal space is the area corresponding to the anal verge that surrounds the lower part of the anal canal. It is continuous with the subcutaneous fat of the buttocks laterally and extends into the intersphincteric space medially. The external hemorrhoidal plexus lies in the perianal space and communicates with the internal hemorrhoidal plexus at the dentate line. This space is a typical site of anal hematomas, perianal abscesses, and anal fistula tracts. The perianal space also encloses the subcutaneous part of the EAS, the lowest part of the IAS and fibers of the longitudinal muscle. These fibers function as septa, dividing the space into a compact arrangement, which may account for the severe pain caused by a perianal hematoma or abscess (11).
Angiogenesis inhibitors and symptomatic anal ulcers in metastatic colorectal cancer patients**
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2018
Francesca Bergamo, Sara Lonardi, Beatrice Salmaso, Carmelo Lacognata, Francesca Battaglin, Francesco Cavallin, Luca Saadeh, Sabina Murgioni, Antonino Caruso, Camillo Aliberti, Vittorina Zagonel, Carlo Castoro, Marco Scarpa
Additionally, a proctologic endoscopic evaluation was performed when feasible, to obtain a direct visualization of the anal canal, the dentate line and the hemorrhoidal plexus. A standard disposable flute beak anoscope was used in most cases, but in the presence of anal canal stricture, we used a pediatric anoscope. The rectoscopy was usually performed with a standard rigid rectoscope but, as for anoscopy, it was sometimes necessary to use the pediatric instrument. Finally, the time between the beginning of first line treatment and the diagnosis of anal ulcer was calculated and reported for each patient.
Mass spectrometry based metabolomics for small molecule metabolites mining and confirmation as potential biomarkers for schistosomiasis – case of the Okavango Delta communities in Botswana
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2022
Sedireng M. Ndolo, Matshediso Zachariah, Lebotse Molefi, Nthabiseng Phaladze, Kwenga F. Sichilongo
Schistosoma parasites emerge during daylight from a snail’s sporocysts which produce cercaria, i.e. the larval form [4], and drive themselves into water where they use their bifurcated tail to seek out a final host. When they encounter human skin, infection is initiated. The skin reaction that evolves into a rash within a week is an indication of cercaria secretion seeping into the host epidermis down to the superficial dermis [5]. The cercaria creep along the skin in search of a suitable penetration site, which is usually a hair follicle. The skin is penetrated through the epidermis, via cytolytic secretions from the cercarial post-acetabulum and the preacetabular glands. The schistosomulum’s energy stores for traversing the bloodstream lasts for approximately 48 h [6]. This affords sufficient energy to penetrate the host dermis and venule wall to reach the circulatory system [7,8]. The escape gland secretions, which contain the first immunogenic material, invade the dermal vessels, which then stimulate the host immune response [9,10]. In the thin pulmonary capillaries, the schistosomulum embolizes and thus migrates through the pulmonary vein. The schistosomulum then metamorphoses into a lung-stage schistosomulum [11,12]. Embolization allows the small schistosomula to stretch its body, so that it is long and thin enough to move across the capillary web of the lungs to reach the left ventricle, within six days. At this phase, the lung-schistosomulum migrates further, while blood-feeding its way into the portal vessels. The specific venule location varies depending on the species. However, studies present conflicting evidence for the ultimate location of Schistosoma mansoni: it is either the superior or inferior mesenteric and hemorrhoidal plexus, which drains into the large intestine [13,14]. S. haematobium lodges specifically in the venous plexus of the bladder and rarely in the rectal venule [9,11].