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The Cardiovascular System and its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Other arrhythmias are referred to by their cause, as in heartblock, which is any of a variety of blockages of the electrical conduction from the atrium to the ventricle or throughout the heart. Another is even named for the tracing produced by an electrocardiogram while the arrhythmia is occurring; Torsadesde Pointes literally means "turning on points" and derives from the electrocardiogram tracing, which resembles a series of twists.
The heart
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
Heart block is a condition that occurs when abnormalities are present in the conduction pathways of the heart. Such conduction abnormalities may arise from ischemia, hypoxia, electrolyte abnormalities or injury to the myocardium. Excessive vagal (parasympathetic) stimulation or certain drugs might also impair impulse conduction through the AV node and other parts of the conduction pathways.
Case 19: Tremor
Published in Iqbal Khan, Medical Histories for the MRCP and Final MB, 2018
Patients suspected of lithium toxicity should have the drug stopped immediately and the levels checked. Urea and electrolytes should also be assessed to ascertain the patient’s ability to excrete the drug. Moreover, patients with hyponatraemia are at increased risk of developing toxicity. An ECG should be performed to look for evidence of heart block and arrhythmias.
Baroreflex control model for cardiovascular system subjected to postural changes under normal and orthostatic conditions
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
V. L. Resmi, R. G. Sriya, N. Selvaganesan
The integrated block diagram of cardiovascular system and baroreflex control is shown in Figure 1. The red and blue arrows in Figure 1 indicate the flow of oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood, respectively. The upper block represents cardiopulmonary system which includes the blood flow between heart and lungs. The middle block represents cardiovascular system which consists of heart and systemic vasculature. The heart block is characterized by contractility (c), heart rate (H) and stroke volume (Vstr). The vasculature is characterized by arterial and venous pressures (Pa, Pv), compliances (Cv, Ca) and peripheral resistance (R). The lower block represents baroreflex control which consists of baroreceptors, medulla oblongata and sympathetic and parasympathetic control. The baroreceptor takes MAP as the input and produces firing rates (n) which are given as information to the medulla oblongata. This produces chemical tones (Ts, Tp) which controls the heart and vascular characteristics.
The BRASH syndrome, a synergistic arrhythmia phenomenon
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Mladen V. Grigorov, Agastya D. Belur, Diana Otero, Sirmad Chaudhary, Evgeni Grigorov, Shahab Ghafghazi
A 43-year-old woman with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and bipolar disorder presented to an outside hospital with 1 week of progressive lethargy and decreased oral intake. Her home medications included oral diltiazem 180 mg daily and oral metoprolol tartrate 50 mg twice daily for rate control of atrial fibrillation. Shortly after arrival to the emergency department, she became unresponsive and went into pulseless electrical activity arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intubation, and vasopressor initiation. After resuscitation, she had a temperature of 98.5°F, blood pressure of 109/42 mm Hg, heart rate of 35 beats per minute, and respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute. An electrocardiogram at the outside hospital was reported as complete heart block. Initial laboratory workup revealed AKI (creatinine 2.75 mg/dL with baseline 0.7 mg/dL), hyperkalemia (potassium 7.6 mmol/L), and anion gap metabolic acidosis (pH 6.98, partial pressure of carbon dioxide 30 mm Hg, bicarbonate 8.4 mmol/L, lactate 12.5 mmol/L). Initial interventions included lactated Ringer’s fluid boluses, norepinephrine drip, insulin, dextrose, bicarbonate drip, calcium gluconate, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and transcutaneous pacer with subsequent transfer to our hospital.
Current practice in atrial septal defect occlusion in children and adults
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2020
Wail Alkashkari, Saad Albugami, Ziyad M. Hijazi
Transcatheter closure of ASD itself may also contribute to new-onset atrial arrhythmia [59]. In a retrospective study, there was 4.75% new atrial arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation and flutters [76]. In another study, the 10-year cumulative incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients without preexisting atrial fibrillation was 11% after ASD closure, compared to 2% in the general cohort. There was no difference between surgical and transcatheter groups [77]. The reported prevalence of advanced heart block was less than 1%. It can occur as early as device deployment [62,63]. Late-onset complete heart block might still occur up to 4 years later. In general, most of heart block is transient and recovered within a short period [78,79]. Corticosteroid treatment has been used empirically, but there is no controlled trial for heart block caused by device implantation [80]. Careful monitoring of the development of arrhythmia and conduction disturbance is recommended, even if there is no arrhythmias in the short-term follow-up.