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General Principles for Measuring Arterial Waves
Published in Wilmer W Nichols, Michael F O'Rourke, Elazer R Edelman, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries, 2022
Perhaps the most widely used method of measuring phasic arterial diameter waveforms at present, especially in conscious animals and humans, uses high-frequency sound waves. An extensive discussion of the cardiovascular applications of ultrasound and the measurement of arterial diameter are given by Wells (1969), Webster (1978) and Reneman et al. (2005). The most widely used application of ultrasound to the measurement of blood flow velocity and diameter is brachial artery flow–mediated dilation (FMD), which is an indicator of endothelial function. This noninvasive technique for measuring reactive hyperemia has been used for almost 40 years, and numerous articles and reviews have been published (Thijssen et al., 2011; Matsuzawa et al., 2015; Greyling et al., 2016; Tomiyama et al., 2017) (see Chapter 5).
Roles of Daily Diet and Beta-Adrenergic System in the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes
Published in Nilanjana Maulik, Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases, 2020
Ebru Arioglu Inan, Belma Turan
Hyperglycemia is known to have unfavorable effects on vascular endothelium. In the hyperglycemic state, factors such as the formation of reactive oxygen species (Roberts and Porter 2013) and advanced glycation end-products (Vistoli, De Maddis et al. 2013) increased vascular permeability or activation of diacylglycerol-protein kinase C pathway (Das Evcimen and King 2007) could lead to negative effects on the vasculature. Thus, the carbohydrate content of a diet seems to be important. It has been revealed that a carbohydrate intake 15% lower than recommended resulted in impaired endothelial function (Merino, Kones et al. 2013). Meta-analysis reported that a low-carbohydrate diet, compared to moderate carbohydrate intake, caused a 1.01% decrease in flow-mediated dilation in overweight or healthy adults without coronary heart disease (Schwingshackl and Hoffmann 2013). This finding is noteworthy since a 1% reduction in flow-mediated dilation is associated with later cardiovascular risk (Inaba, Chen et al. 2010).
Nutritional Approaches to Chronic Illness
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
Endothelial function can be assessed clinically by measuring flow mediated dilation, using brachial artery ultrasound. The diameter of the brachial artery is measured by ultrasound at baseline, the artery is then occluded, and the diameter of the artery is measured again after occlusion is released. The percent difference in the two measurements is the flow mediated dilation, or FMD (Vogel 2000).
Stress and social isolation, and its relationship to cardiovascular risk in young adults with intellectual disability
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Clara C. Zwack, Rachael McDonald, Ainura Tursunalieva, Shradha Vasan, Gavin W. Lambert, Elisabeth A. Lambert
Endothelial function was measured with a pulse amplitude tonometry (PAT) device placed on the tip of each index finger (EndoPat 2000, Itamar Medical Ltd., Caesarea, Israel). Pulse amplitude tonometry (PAT) was assessed in response to reactive hyperaemia. Participants were required to be in a supine position for 15 min in total. Baseline measurements were taken for 5 min of rest, followed by 5 min of occlusion of one arm, with the cuff inflated on the upper arm to supra-systolic pressure (60 mmHg above systolic pressure or 200 mmHg) and then released to induce reactive flow-mediated hyperemia, measured for 5 min. Reactive hyperemia index (RHI) was calculated as the index of signal amplitude pre-to-post occlusion in the occluded arm, divided by the same ratio in the control arm. The PAT ratio is calculated as described by Hamburg & Benjamin (2009) [40]. Previous studies have indicated that this method is validated against flow-mediated dilation [41].
Training parameters and effects of high-intensity interval training in patients with spinal cord injury: a review of literature
Published in Physical Therapy Reviews, 2021
Haidzir Manaf, Nazirah Hasnan, Azhar Ariffin
Graham et al [24] reported increase in muscle strength for chest press (p = 0.035) and lateral pulldown (p = 0.021). Valent et al. [18] recorded shoulder abduction strength changes (from 336 ± 86 N to 355 ± 80 N). Although their participants reported increased strength, no clinically relevant improvements were found. Di Piro et al. [21] noted post-training improvement in self-selected overground walking speed (OGWS) (p = 0.023), VO2peak percentage during OGWS (p = 0.03), and daily step counts (p = 0.025). Dolbow and Credeur [16] observed a 114.7% improvement after flow-mediated dilation. For micro-vascular health, Dolbow and Credeur [16] and Simmons [7] reported improvement percentages of 11.1% and 59.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, Brurok et al. [19] observed a cardiac output improvement from 12.42 ± 1.98 L·min−1 to 15.83 ± 2.82 L·min−1 and stroke volume improvement from 77.7 ± 9.9 mL·beat−1 to 103.4 ± 17.1 mL·beat−1 in their hybrid cycling group.
Assessment of vascular function in complete glycaemic spectrum
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2021
Rajathi Rajendran, Vivek Kumar Sharma, Hanumanthappa Nandeesha, Ramesh Ananthakrishnan, Kolar Vishwanath Vinod, Senthil Kumar Subramanian
Flow-mediated dilation: We explained the procedure to the participants and asked them to rest in supine position for minimum of 5 min in controlled lab temperature between 22 – ℃. We located brachial artery lumen in cross-sectional view and measurements were carried out in longitudinal section using B mode ultrasound imaging (ACUSON Antares ultrasound system, Siemens). During the procedure, we delineated the anterior and posterior intimal vessel wall and lumen interfaces. Then, we positioned the high-frequency vascular probe (13–15 MHz) in the same location to obtain consistency of the images. After measuring baseline brachial artery diameter, we placed the mercury sphygmomanometer cuff below the elbow and inflated it to 200 mm Hg, and we retained it for 5 min duration. Following the release of the cuff, we measured the maximum brachial artery diameter between 45 and 60 s after reactive hyperemia (26,27). Flow-mediated dilation percentage is calculated by the diameter of the brachial artery after reactive hyperemia divided by baseline brachial artery diameter and the value is expressed in percentage (14).