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Implantation and In Utero Growth
Published in Arianna D'Angelo, Nazar N. Amso, Ultrasound in Assisted Reproduction and Early Pregnancy, 2020
Kugajeevan Vigneswaran, Ippokratis Sarris
Once a fetal heartbeat is detected, the rate of pregnancy loss drops to approximately 5%, but there are several confounding factors such as advanced maternal age, obstetric history, and signs or symptoms of threatened miscarriage [49]. A slow fetal heartbeat observed in the first trimester, particularly in cases where it is found to be less than or equal to 90 beats per minute, has been shown to increase the chance of miscarriage [8]. In cases of ongoing pregnancy with this finding, additional ultrasound surveillance should be performed owing to the possibility of increased fetal anomalies.
Domino/GPO and home deliveries
Published in Michael S. Marsch, Janet M. Rennie, Phillipa A. Groves, Clinical Protocols in Labour, 2020
Michael S. Marsch, Janet M. Rennie, Phillipa A. Groves
A fetal Doppler ultrasound should be available to establish the presence of a fetal heartbeat. Any difficulty in hearing the fetal heart with the Doppler equipment should be reported to the senior specialist registrar on call and arrangements made for the mother’s transfer to the labour ward after alerting the midwife in charge with the reasons for transfer3.
Seeing with Sound: Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging
Published in Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman, Introduction to Physics in Modern Medicine, 2020
Suzanne Amador Kane, Boris A. Gelman
Obstetrical ultrasound imaging is performed with frequencies of roughly 3.5–7 MHz, and pulses roughly 1 microsecond long. These values give spatial resolutions of approximately 1 to 2 mm and adequate penetration of the pulses to permit imaging of the entire fetus within the uterus (Figure 4.20b). Ultrasound images collected at this spatial resolution look much blurrier than a typical x-ray image, and single frames taken from an exam are often more difficult for the patient to interpret than the actual moving image. In addition, ultrasound can be used to detect the fetal heartbeat, which can be measured with a simple handheld Doppler device without imaging capability (see Section 4.14 for discussion of the Doppler effect).
Comparison of Prenatal Ultrasound and Autopsy Findings of Fetuses Terminated in Second Trimester: A Five-Year Experience of a Tertiary Center
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2023
Ezgi Yılmazer Yonder, Murat Cagan, Ozgur Deren, Kadri Safak Gucer
In 84 cases, malformations (42.8%) ranked first among the termination indications. This was followed by the absence of fetal heartbeat (22.6%), anhydramnios (15.5%) and chromosomal causes (13.1%), respectively. This is in line with the study by Özyüncü et al. [6]. In our study, the most common findings were multiple system findings in postmortem examinations followed by the CNS, and musculoskeletal system pathologies. Kaasen et al. found pathological findings mostly in CNS (33%) followed by multiple findings (22.5%), and genitourinary system (18.2%) pathologies [7]. In most studies, pathological findings of the musculoskeletal system and respiratory system, which are frequently found in autopsy findings, were not included in detail. Since isolated hand or foot deformities are not a major indication for termination of pregnancy or it is not possible to detect respiratory system defects such as segmentation anomalies in US, changes may be seen in the ranking.
The vitrification system may affect preterm and cesarean delivery rates after single vitrified blastocyst transfer
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Yunhong Lin, Lincui Da, Shengrong Du, Qingfen Chen, Suzhu Chen, Beihong Zheng
Endometrial preparation protocols and the determination of clinical and birth outcomes were as follows. For patients who underwent single vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfer, the natural cycle or hormone replacement cycle protocol was used for endometrial preparation. The ovulation day or progesterone injection day of the patient was day 0. D5 single-blastocyst transfer was performed on Day 5 after ovulation or progesterone injection under B-type ultrasound guidance. Twenty-five to fifty days after blastocyst transfer, clinical pregnancy was assessed based on the presence of a gestational sac on B-type ultrasound. Ongoing pregnancy was defined as the presence of a fetal heartbeat on B-type ultrasound at 12 weeks of gestation. A pregnancy in which the embryo was implanted outside the uterine cavity on B-type ultrasound was deemed an ectopic pregnancy. Miscarriage within 12 weeks of clinical pregnancy was deemed an early miscarriage, and miscarriage between 12 weeks and 28 weeks was deemed a late miscarriage. Delivery after 28 weeks of pregnancy but before 37 weeks was deemed a preterm delivery, and delivery between 37 weeks and 42 weeks was deemed a full-term delivery. The gestational age was determined by the number of days from the first day of the patient’s last menstruation to the day of fetal delivery. The normal birth weight range of the newborns was 2.5–4 kg. A low birth weight was defined as less than 2.5 kg, a very low birth weight was defined as less than 1.5 kg, and macrosomia was defined as a birth weight higher than 4 kg.
A narrative analysis of anti-abortion testimony and legislative debate related to Georgia’s fetal “heartbeat” abortion ban
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2020
Dabney P. Evans, Subasri Narasimhan
Fiscal concerns, including potential health and legal costs, seemed to be the bill’s biggest stumbling block – even among supporters of the legislation. Georgia’s decision not to expand Medicaid – and the state’s ability to provide care to low-income pregnant people in the face of an increased number of births was one concern; given that Georgia is facing cuts to the state budget, impacting child welfare, questions remain about other true costs of what some have called a forced birth bill. Independent economic analyses of fetal “heartbeat” legislation could be a useful tool for those opposed to it. Legislators were also uneasy about the implementation of HB 481 and resulting legal challenges taken against the state and numerous constituent groups including pregnant people and medical professionals who serve them. These concerns were never adequately addressed by the bill’s sponsors.