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Early Organogenesis and First Trimester
Published in Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz, Ultrasound of Mouse Fetal Development and Human Correlates, 2021
Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz
The cardiac development in mouse and human fetuses are overall quite comparable (2), with similar atrial, ventricular, and outflow septation development. Subsequently, mouse cardiac morphogenesis can be a very useful model for human development and congenital heart disease. Cardiac formation begins when the two endocardial tubes merge, forming the tubular heart (primitive heart tube), which will then loop and septate, resulting in the four-chambered heart (3).
Cardiology
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
The first major organ to function in the developing embryo is the heart. The early heart needs to accommodate and circulate blood to provide nutrition and oxygen to the developing embryo. The heart develops in the cardiogenic region at the caudal end of the embryonic germ disc. On day 19 a pair of lateral endocardial tubes begin to develop in response to chemical triggers. At the same time the major vessels of the body develop and connect with these lateral symmetrical tubes. Folding of the early embryo brings these two endocardial tubes together in the midline, where they fuse by a process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) at their contact surfaces. This fusion results in a single straight cardiac tube comprising an outer myocardium of inherently contractile cardiac myocytes and inner endocardium with cardiac jelly extracellular matrix between the two layers. This single cardiac tube continues to develop in the region that will become the thorax.
The circulatory system and hormones
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
The two tubes then fuse together at the midline into a single tube (the endocardial tube) (Figure 15.1). The splanchnic mesoderm fuses above and below the endocardial tube, forming an outer tube (the epimyocardial tube). At this point, the heart is a tube within a tube, with the outer epimyocardial tube separated from the inner endocardial tube by a type of connective tissue—cardiac jelly. The inner tube gives rise to the lining of the heart (the endocardium), whereas the outer tube gives rise to the muscular wall of the heart (the myocardium) and its surface covering (the epicardium) (see Figure 15.1).
Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke: contemporary evidence and treatment
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2018
J. J. Coughlan, Aidan Daly, Samer Arnous, Tom J. Kiernan
The heart is the first functional organ to develop in vertebrate embryos and begins as two endocardial tubes. These merge and form the primitive heart tube. This heart tube differentiates into the truncus arteriosus (which will give rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery), the sinus venosus (which connects to the fetal circulation), the primitive ventricle, the primitive atrium and the bulba cordis (which goes on to form part of the ventricles) [6].