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Early Organogenesis and First Trimester
Published in Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz, Ultrasound of Mouse Fetal Development and Human Correlates, 2021
Mary C. Peavey, Sarah K. Dotters-Katz
The cardiac development in mouse and human fetuses are overall quite comparable (2), with similar atrial, ventricular, and outflow septation development. Subsequently, mouse cardiac morphogenesis can be a very useful model for human development and congenital heart disease. Cardiac formation begins when the two endocardial tubes merge, forming the tubular heart (primitive heart tube), which will then loop and septate, resulting in the four-chambered heart (3).
The circulatory system and hormones
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
The tubular heart undergoes considerable changes as it bends, forming the basic functional parts of the heart: sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and truncus arteriosus (blood enters the tubular heart at the sinus venosus end and is discharged into blood vessels at the truncus arteriosus end; Figure 15.2). As the initial pair of tubes fuses into the single heart tube, the direction of fusion is truncoventricular region, atrial region, and region of the sinus venosus.
Applications of computational fluid dynamics to congenital heart diseases: a practical review for cardiovascular professionals
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2021
Gianluca Rigatelli, Claudio Chiastra, Giancarlo Pennati, Gabriele Dubini, Francesco Migliavacca, Marco Zuin
Hemodynamic begins shaping the growth of the developing heart from the early embryonic stages. Blood circulation starts with the beating of the primitive tubular heart (around the beginning of the fourth gestational week in human development) [16]. From this time on, the dynamics of blood flow regulates many aspects of cardiovascular development. For instance, genesis of vessels and capillaries, and even differences between arterial and venous phenotypes, are determined by blood flow characteristics [9]. In the heart, the interaction between blood flow and cardiac tissues also determines how the heart continues to develop [17,18]. The understanding of these types of blood flow help identify the causes of congenital heart malformation. Detailed CFD models of both the developing vasculature and the heart, together with experimental data on adaptations to blood flow, have been undertaken in zebrafish and chick’s embryo heart in order to elucidate important aspects of the complex mechanisms by which blood flow dynamics regulates cardiovascular growth and development. In humans the models so far are based on four-dimensional ultrasound scans of 20-week-old normal human fetuses. Image analyses of ultrasound scans revealed the motion of the heart walls that was used in the generation of CFD models of the fetuses’ left and right ventricles. In both left and right ventricles, CFD simulations of fetal heart, imaged by echocardiogram, reveal complex flow patterns and the presence of flow vortex rings, which generate significant WSS on the endocardium, potentially playing an important role on cardiac efficiency [19]. Indeed, CFD enables the quantification of WSS, which is otherwise extremely difficult using only in vivo measured flow data. Detailed CFD models of both the developing vasculature and the heart, together with experimental data on adaptations to blood flow, are starting to elucidate important aspects of the intricate mechanisms by which blood flow dynamics regulates cardiovascular growth and development. Wall shear stresses play a substantial role in cardiovascular adaptations to flow, but they are difficult to estimate using only measured flow data. Once blood flow dynamics have