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Systemic Veins of the Thorax.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
A left superior vena cava may persist if the embryonic left common cardinal vein fails to be obliterated. It is present in about 0.5 % of the population (Steinberg et al., 1953), and is more common in children with congenital heart disease - in up to 10% of these (see Buirski et al., 1986, below). When present it descends lateral to the aortic arch, where it may be seen with contrast enhanced CT (Fig. 9.15a), it then passes anterior to the left hilum to enter the right atrium, via the coronary sinus (Fig. 9.17). In most cases there is a right SVC as well, and there may also be an inter-communicating innominate vein. When no right SVC is present, this last will convey blood to the left SVC. Sometimes a large left hemiazygos arch is present as well (rarely with a left sided 'azygos' or 'hemiazygos' lobe - see also p. 1.5). Hemiazygos continuation may be secondary to a left IVC, which may also be associated with polysplenia (see also p. 17.13) and some amount of mirror imaging. (A recent Oxford case had bilateral SVCs, a large left hemiazygos arch and a left sided 'IVC' with polysplenia and partial mirror imaging).
Embryology of veins and lymphatics
Published in Ken Myers, Paul Hannah, Marcus Cremonese, Lourens Bester, Phil Bekhor, Attilio Cavezzi, Marianne de Maeseneer, Greg Goodman, David Jenkins, Herman Lee, Adrian Lim, David Mitchell, Nick Morrison, Andrew Nicolaides, Hugo Partsch, Tony Penington, Neil Piller, Stefania Roberts, Greg Seeley, Paul Thibault, Steve Yelland, Manual of Venous and Lymphatic Diseases, 2017
Ken Myers, Paul Hannah, Marcus Cremonese, Lourens Bester, Phil Bekhor, Attilio Cavezzi, Marianne de Maeseneer, Greg Goodman, David Jenkins, Herman Lee, Adrian Lim, David Mitchell, Nick Morrison, Andrew Nicolaides, Hugo Partsch, Tony Penington, Neil Piller, Stefania Roberts, Greg Seeley, Paul Thibault, Steve Yelland
Anterior cardinal (precardinal) veins return blood from the cephalic part of the body; posterior cardinal (postcardinal) veins drain the rest of the body caudal to the heart, and they join to form common cardinal veins passing into the heart through the sinus venosus.
Development and anatomy of the venous system
Published in Peter Gloviczki, Michael C. Dalsing, Bo Eklöf, Fedor Lurie, Thomas W. Wakefield, Monika L. Gloviczki, Handbook of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders, 2017
Blood is initially returned to the heart tube via the paired sinus venosus.11 The portion of the body that is cranial to the developing heart drains through the bilateral anterior cardinal veins, and the caudal portion of the body drains forward through the bilateral posterior cardinal veins (Figure 2.1). The anterior and posterior cardinal veins join to form the common cardinal veins, with the right and left common cardinal veins draining centrally into the sinus venosus. The common cardinal veins also receive the vitelline and umbilical veins; the vitelline veins later form into the hepatic portal system.
Freedom in the chest
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2023
Sébastien Piron, Julien Tridetti, Stella Marchetta, Patrizio Lancellotti
The pathology results from early atrophy of common cardinal vein (Cuvier's canal) between 3-4rd and 6th embryonic week [2], where anterior and posterior cardinal veins join from both side, and which are subject to major changes during development of the circulatory system. This atrophy would alter vascularisation of pleuro-pericardial membrane, explaining its developmental arrest in the partial form up to agenesis in the total form.
Double superior vena cava: presentation of two cases and review of the literature
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2019
Christos Farazi-Chongouki, Ioannis Dalianoudis, Anestis Ninos, Pantelis Diamantopoulos, Dimitrios Filippou, Stefanos Pierrakakis, Panagiotis Skandalakis
The cardinal veins include the anterior cardinal vein (draining the cephalic portion of the body) and the posterior cardinal vein (draining the remainder of the body of the embryo). The anterior and posterior cardinal veins on each side join to form the common cardinal vein before entering the sinus venosus (Figure 7).