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Embryology of veins and lymphatics
Published in Ken Myers, Paul Hannah, Marcus Cremonese, Lourens Bester, Phil Bekhor, Attilio Cavezzi, Marianne de Maeseneer, Greg Goodman, David Jenkins, Herman Lee, Adrian Lim, David Mitchell, Nick Morrison, Andrew Nicolaides, Hugo Partsch, Tony Penington, Neil Piller, Stefania Roberts, Greg Seeley, Paul Thibault, Steve Yelland, Manual of Venous and Lymphatic Diseases, 2017
Ken Myers, Paul Hannah, Marcus Cremonese, Lourens Bester, Phil Bekhor, Attilio Cavezzi, Marianne de Maeseneer, Greg Goodman, David Jenkins, Herman Lee, Adrian Lim, David Mitchell, Nick Morrison, Andrew Nicolaides, Hugo Partsch, Tony Penington, Neil Piller, Stefania Roberts, Greg Seeley, Paul Thibault, Steve Yelland
Veins in the neck develop from the anterior and common cardinal veins (Figure 1.3). The internal jugular veins develop from the anterior cardinal veins, the left brachiocephalic trunk develops from an anastomotic vein between the anterior cardinal veins, and the right brachiocephalic trunk is the more proximal segment of the right anterior cardinal vein. The superior vena cava consists of three segments, the right anterior cardinal vein beyond the brachiocephalic junction, right common cardinal vein and right horn of the sinus venosus.
Development and anatomy of the venous system
Published in Peter Gloviczki, Michael C. Dalsing, Bo Eklöf, Fedor Lurie, Thomas W. Wakefield, Monika L. Gloviczki, Handbook of Venous and Lymphatic Disorders, 2017
The anterior cardinal veins connect the left anterior cardinal vein with the right anterior cardinal vein. This left to right channel becomes the left brachiocephalic vein. The portion of the left anterior cardinal vein that is caudal to this anastomosis regresses but does not disappear; it forms the oblique vein of the left atrium (vein of Marshall) and the coronary sinus. The persistence of the left caudal anterior cardinal vein results in a double superior vena cava (Figure 2.2a).3 In the absence of the right proximal superior vena cava, the blood from the right upper body is drained into a left superior vena cava (Figure 2.2b).
Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: Why is Prenatal Diagnosis Important?
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Ayşe Keleş, Osman Yılmaz, Gülşah Dağdeviren, Özge Yücel Çelik, Aykan Yücel, Dilek Şahin
Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system [1,2]. It is found in 0.3%–0.5% of the general population and 4%–8% in those with congenital heart disease (CHD) [3,4]. In the embryonic period, anterior cardinal veins perform the venous drainage of the cephalic region and upper extremity. Except for a small part that constitutes the left superior intercostal vein, the left anterior cardinal vein regresses in the eighth week of embryogenesis. Failure of this regression results in PLSVC [4,5]. In most cases, the right and left superior vena cava coexist. The specific combination of a persistent LSVC and non-right superior vena cava was reported to be 0.05% in an autopsy series [6,7]. PLSVC typically empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus, but may empty directly into the left atrium [8].
Insertion of a totally implantable venous access port in a patient with persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC)
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2018
Julie Van Walleghem, Sofie Depuydt, Stijn Schepers
PLSVC is the most common venous malformation, caused by the persistence of the embryological left anterior cardinal vein after the eighth week of gestation. In the embryo the paired anterior cardinal veins drain blood from the head and neck into the primitive sino-atrial chamber. Subsequent obliteration of the proximal end of the left anterior cardinal vein and formation of the left innominate vein around the eighth week of gestation results in blood flowing to the right anterior cardinal vein, which thus forms the superior vena cava, on the left-hand side the obliteration leaves only the Marshall ligament as a remnant [2,3].
Double superior vena cava: presentation of two cases and review of the literature
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2019
Christos Farazi-Chongouki, Ioannis Dalianoudis, Anestis Ninos, Pantelis Diamantopoulos, Dimitrios Filippou, Stefanos Pierrakakis, Panagiotis Skandalakis
The cardinal veins include the anterior cardinal vein (draining the cephalic portion of the body) and the posterior cardinal vein (draining the remainder of the body of the embryo). The anterior and posterior cardinal veins on each side join to form the common cardinal vein before entering the sinus venosus (Figure 7).