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Health, place, and justice
Published in Sridhar Venkatapuram, Alex Broadbent, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Public Health, 2023
Fritz Samantha, Tuhina Srivastava, Emily Sadecki, Harald Schmidt
Nine states and two cities referred to or used seven other established or internally developed indices: the Community Vulnerability Index (CCVI, n=5), the Area Deprivation Index (ADI, n=2), two newly developed indices (Covid Vulnerability Index and HPI), and two indices, both referred to as Covid Vulnerability Index but distinct. Five states used more than one index. Among the twenty jurisdictions with the largest numbers of disadvantaged people (where more than 25% of the local population are among the nationwide most disadvantaged group, as measured by SVI), fourteen reported using an index (Schmidt et al. 2021).4Table 20.1 provides an overview of the indices for which documentation about their design is publicly available. All data integrated into these indices are usually CDC or census data (see Srivastava et al. 2021 for further details).
The Governor Vessel (GV)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Some patients with multiple sclerosis exhibit chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency, characterized by abnormal venous hemodynamics linked to multiple extracranial venous strictures.9 Where these venous obstructions occur determines the clinical course of the disease. If stimulating GV points can normalize vasomodulatory input, perhaps stimulation along this channel and at affected extracranial sites can influence venous drainage of the central nerve system and benefit MS patients.
State case study
Published in Edward M. Rafalski, Ross M. Mullner, Healthcare Analytics, 2022
Helen Margellos-Anast, Fernando De Maio, C. Scott Smith, Pamela Roesch, Emily Laflamme, Eve Shapiro
CDPH’s aim to proactively center racial/ethnic and geographic equity helped establish data systems and methods of interpreting data that prioritized communities for outreach and vaccination based on COVID-19 vulnerability. Researchers have contended that understanding contextual vulnerability provides opportunities to understand and design responses, and to inform preparedness and response strategies for times of crisis. These initiatives have resulted in a higher vaccination rate overall in Chicago and among Latinx and Black (non-Latinx) residents than most other large US cities (data is from March – we will update this before finalizing the chapter, including latest reference). CDPH embraced the Public Health 3.0 model7, recognizing that protecting the public’s health transcends the boundaries of what governmental agencies can do and requires a coordinated effort that engages multiple sectors (e.g., hospitals/health systems, schools, community-based organizations, social service agencies, academic partners, faith-based organizations). The City developed a COVID-19 burden index to inform decisions in the latter stages of the pandemic. In February 2021, CDPH used the COVID-19 Community Vulnerability Index (CCVI) to identify 15 highly impacted communities for concentrated efforts toward expanded vaccine access. The initiative, Protect Chicago Plus, partnered with community stakeholders to ensure limited resources were expended in ways that remove barriers and increase vaccination rates. As time went on, Protect Chicago Plus pivoted to focus on communities with the highest CCVI and lower vaccination rates, and the data continues to guide the response. The effort has increased the proportion of Latinx and Black (non-Latinx) Chicagoans who have received at least one vaccination dose from <10% when the initiative started to 49% and 40%, respectively (as of July 21, 2021).
Vascular aspects of multiple sclerosis: emphasis on perfusion and cardiovascular comorbidities
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Dejan Jakimovski, Matthew Topolski, Antonia Valentina Genovese, Bianca Weinstock - Guttman, Robert Zivadinov
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is characterized by cranial venous outflow obstruction due to either structural or functional abnormalities of the main extracranial veins (internal jugular vein, vertebral veins, and the azygos vein) [120]. The condition was initially described among MS patients, however reports of CCSVI presence within Parkinson’s patients, Meniere disease, and sudden sensorineural hearing loss have been subsequently published [121–123]. The prevalence of CCSVI significantly varied among reports and ranged from highly MS-specific occurrence to no differences between MS populations and healthy controls [120,124,125]. One of the proposed explanations for such literature disparity can be attributed to the aging of the vasculature, lack of proper training of the ultrasound readers, and low interrater reproducibility rate of the subjective Doppler examination [126,127]. Therefore, multiple guidelines, consortium opinions, and imaging techniques have attempted to improve the specificity and sensitivity of CCSVI diagnosis [128,129].
Role of developmental venous anomalies in etiopathogenesis of demyelinating diseases
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Siddika Halicioglu, Sule Aydin Turkoglu
DVA causes perfusion disorder in the neighboring tissue of the angioma by causing abnormal venous drainage [22,23]. In addition, it is known that the venous pressure in DVAs is increased [24]. The parietal thickening of the vessels forming the DVA increases resistance to flow by reducing the size and compliance of the vessel lumen. This decreases vessel occlusion and contributes to the development of venous hypertension (VHT) [21,25]. It is also known that DVAs are vulnerable against hemodynamic stress [25]. Particularly in recent years, researchers published studies related to venous vascular malformations, and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and VHT theory in the etiopathogenesis of cranial lesions in patients with MS [21,26–28].